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What Is The Primary Reason Ipv6 Has Not Completely Replaced Ipv4?
What Is the Primary Reason Ipv6 Has Not Completely Replaced Ipv4? NAT network address translation and (CIDR) classless Inter-Domain routing reduce the need for registered IPv4 addresses This is the main reason why IPv6 does not completely replace IPv4. IPv4: Internet protocol version 3 is a set thatRead more
What Is the Primary Reason Ipv6 Has Not Completely Replaced Ipv4?
NAT network address translation and (CIDR) classless Inter-Domain routing reduce the need for registered IPv4 addresses This is the main reason why IPv6 does not completely replace IPv4.
IPv4:
Internet protocol version 3 is a set that permits the devices to interchange the data on the internet such as phones, to computers. So, by a specific number every domain and device are connected to the internet is called an IP address. The purpose of the internet protocol is to ensure that data is transferred to the correct device. DNS domain name system is like the internet book. This translates the domain name to IP address. For example, when you type Netflix in your PC browser this internet phone book is permitted to be in touch with Netflix IP address. Once it translates Netflix sends its contents to your PC internet protocol address. Internet protocol version 4 is a 32-bit number written as four decimal points. The number between each decimal is 0 and 255.
IPv4 is not enough because 32-bits it restricts the number of hosts. It means with 32-bits 4.3 billion IPv4 addresses are accessible. A large number of devices are connected to the internet (IETF) internet engineering tracking task force designed a new protocol called internet protocol version 6. IPv6 is faster and connected a greater number of devices but still, IPv4 is used because IPv6 is new not all the devices are setup to communicate with IPv6 so most of the internet traffic used IPv4. It is highly demanded in business.
IPv6:
Internet protocol version 6 contains bits length 128 and comprises 16- bits field each field is a sphere by a colon. It contains hexadecimal number while IPv4 contain dotted-decimal notation.
Benefits of IPv6:
These are some benefits IPV6 used over IPv4:
- No need for private address collision
- Simple format
- No need for network address translation
- Auto configuration
- Multicast routing is best
- Greater efficient routing
- It supports privacy and authentication
- Good quality of service
- It is more compatible with the network than IPv4
- It permits a greater payload
- It used less than 1% network while the remaining 99% was used by the IPv4.
- Its speed is higher than IPv4.
See lessIn A Coaxial Cabling, What Does The Rg Rating Measure?
In A Coaxial Cabling, What Does the Rg Rating Measure? Answer: In a coaxial cable, Rg rating material is used to shield and conduct the cores. Coaxial cable: It is an electrical cable made up of inner conduct that is surrounded by a dense conducting shield these two are far apart by an insulating maRead more
In A Coaxial Cabling, What Does the Rg Rating Measure?
Answer:
In a coaxial cable, Rg rating material is used to shield and conduct the cores.
Coaxial cable:
It is an electrical cable made up of inner conduct that is surrounded by a dense conducting shield these two are far apart by an insulating material called a dielectric. Most of the coaxial cables have a protective sheet or jacket. It is a transmission line carrying an electrical signal of high frequency with minimum loss. Applications of coaxial cable are high-speed computers data, television signals, and connected radio and receiver-transmitter to antennas, internet networking cables. Its uniqueness is cable dimensions are controlled to give precise conductor space which is important for the smooth function of a transmission line. The main advantage of this cable in the radio transmission line it carries the signal that is present only between the inner and outer conductor space. It permits to installed to next metal without the loss of power that is present in other transmission lines. Protects against external electromagnetic interference.
Rg rating:
Rg stands for radio guide. There are different types of cables but each cable has a different rating to differentiate the cables on their specific characteristics.
Types of Rg cables:
Rg-6:
It is a very simple cable used in various applications like residential and commercial. Its characteristics impedance is 75 ohms. It applies to the greater number of varieties in cables all these cables are different from each other by shielding, type of jacket, the composition of the center conductor, and types of dielectrics.
Rg-58:
This type of coaxial cable used a low-power signal. The characteristics impedance of Rg-58 is 50 to 52 ohms. 0.2 inches is the outside diameter of this cable. Its applications are used in two ways communication systems like police fire, radio, and marines all are worked with an ability of 50 ohms. Moderate high frequency is required for Rg-58.
Rg-59:
Its characteristics impedance is 75 ohms. Rg-59 is specific to low-power radio and RF connections. It is used in composite video, frequencies broadcast. It is used for long distances because its high-frequency losses are very high. It is cheaper than Rg-6.
Rg is used to shield and conduct core. Shielding is necessary to diminish the electrical noise and reduce its influence on the signal. It prevents crosstalk near cables. It lowers the electromagnetic radiation.
See lessWhat Is The Minimum Value That The Index Of Refraction Can Have?
What Is the Minimum Value That the Index of Refraction Can Have? Answer: The vacuum is the lowest refractive index. The minimum refractive index is 1.0000 in air. less than 1 there cannot be the refractive index. Refractive index: Refractive index is defined as the ratio of the velocity of light inRead more
What Is the Minimum Value That the Index of Refraction Can Have?
Answer:
The vacuum is the lowest refractive index. The minimum refractive index is 1.0000 in air. less than 1 there cannot be the refractive index.
Refractive index:
Refractive index is defined as the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in a specific medium is called refractive index. It measures the bending when a ray of light passes from one medium to another medium. It is represented as “n”. The Refractive index depends on the following factors.
It tells at which speed light travels in a medium. When the refractive index increases it decreases the speed of light in the medium. These are inversely related to each other. The bending of light in a medium is described by Snell’s law in which angels of incidence and refraction are equal. The amount of light reflected and critical angle for total internal reflection is also described by the refractive indices.
Speed and wavelength are the factors of refractive index so speed and wavelength are reduced to vacuum values. Air (vacuum) refractive index is 1 so it is presumed that wave frequency is not related to the refractive index.
The Refractive index is affected by wavelength. Every light has a specific wavelength when white light is split it gives colors on refraction is called dispersion. This is commonly observed in rainbows, prisms, and in achromatic aberration lenses. Refractive index changes with the wavelength of most materials by several percent.
Applications:
The Refractive index is very important in itself it has various applications nowadays.
- It is used from x-ray to radio.
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- It is also applied to phenomena of sound like a wave. Instead of the speed of light, the speed of sound is used and other than vacuum reference medium is chosen.
See lessWhat Is The Most Common Central Device Used Today To Connect Computers To A Network?
What Is the Most Common Central Device Used Today to Connect Computers to A Network? Switch VPN router SOHO router Hub The switch is the most common central device used today to connect computers to a network. Answer: A switch allows multiple computer connections at the same time. Switches also permRead more
What Is the Most Common Central Device Used Today to Connect Computers to A Network?
The switch is the most common central device used today to connect computers to a network.
Answer:
A switch allows multiple computer connections at the same time. Switches also permit that host or computer to send and receive messages at the same time, it supports full-duplex. While hubs are replaced by switches it is called legacy devices. Hub connects one device to communicate only. Collisions occur when two devices attempt to communicate at the same time. So, this is the greatest benefit of switches it can handle more conversations at the same time.
Hub:
It is a networking device that permits to connect one to multiple PCs through a single network. Like USB, firework connections.
Switches:
It is a computer networking device it connects network segments. It is a control unit that is in or off the circuit or controls the flow of electricity. It connects more communication systems at the same time.
Performance difference:
The performance of switches is high than the hub. If the home has more networks people get benefits from switches over hubs that share heavy music files, multiplayer games, etc. virtual circuit model is used in switches, and a hubs broadcast model is used. Switches perform better than a hub because it creates less traffic in message transfer.
See lessWhat Is A Dotted Quad?
What Is a Dotted Quad? It is the decimal characterization of an IPv4 address that is readable by humans. It is also called dotted-decimal or dot address. It is presented in the form of XXX, XXX, XXX, XXX. The numbers in every dotted quad describe one byte in a 32-bit address. The range is between 0Read more
What Is a Dotted Quad?
It is the decimal characterization of an IPv4 address that is readable by humans. It is also called dotted-decimal or dot address. It is presented in the form of XXX, XXX, XXX, XXX. The numbers in every dotted quad describe one byte in a 32-bit address. The range is between 0 to 255. The example of a dotted squad is 192.168.01. it also represents numerical data. It comprises long decimal numbers the separation character is used between decimals is full-stop or (dot).
It is mostly used in information technology where it is the way of writing numbers in octet grouped base-10 decimal numbers.
IPV4 Addresses:
To present IPv4 addresses the notation is associated with the particular use of quad-dotted notation. A group of four decimals is separated by dots. It helps people to read more easily IP addresses than representing in hexadecimal form. Each dotted quad describes one segment of a 32-bit IP address. The range is between 0 to 255 and every quad is eight bits to serve as a transmit address. Based on the length of the mask the subnet masks used the first two or three dotted squads. To represent subnet mask decimal notation is used. So, subnet mask split the IP address into the host and network address.
For example, the representative IP addresses are 192.168.0.107. is a range of mostly Wi-Fi routers. So, for this IP address, the subnet mask used the first three quads like 255.255.255. Today IPv4 addresses are replaced by IPv6 which uses hexadecimal addresses. Getting help from ISPs was slow. Domain names are simple than IP addresses for people to use.
Aim of decimal representation:
It effectively placed numbers in different segments separated by decimals or dots. It is mostly used in IP addressing in this way there are many choices to represent the numbers differently.
See lessWhat Type Of Database Exists In Many Separate Locations Throughout A Network Or The Internet?
What Type of Database Exists in Many Separate Locations Throughout a Network or The Internet? Relational Object-oriented Distributed Data Answer: The database exists in many different locations throughout a network or the internet in the distributed form. It is a sort-out collection of information,Read more
What Type of Database Exists in Many Separate Locations Throughout a Network or The Internet?
Answer:
The database exists in many different locations throughout a network or the internet in the distributed form.
It is a sort-out collection of information, data, and commonly stored electronics in a
Database:
computer system. Database management controlled the database. Collectively the applications, database, and database management (DMBS) are mention a database system or a short term used called database.
To make the process and querying data-efficient most of the data in the database is typically patterned in rows and columns in a series of the table. In this way data can easily be modified, arranged, permits, managed, and controlled. The structured query language is mostly used by database querying data.
Database management system:
It is software that links with users, applications, and databases to catch and examine the data. Database management software also bound the core aptitude given to the database. The total sum of database and database management systems with the linked application can be mentioned as a database system. Generally, the term database refers to DMBS, database system and database related applications.
Types of databases:
There are many types of databases. The best for a particular organization relay on how the organization uses the data.
Relational database:
Data in a relational database is arranged in rows and columns. It is most prominent in 1980. It is most efficient and flexible to permits information.
Distributed:
It comprises two or more two files in different sites. In distributed type database stored in multiple computers, present in the same location or distributed in different network.
Object-oriented:
Data in object-oriented presents in the form of objects.
Warehouses data:
Warehouse data is mostly used for fast queries and examinations.
Graph database:
It stores data in the form of entities and links between entities.
OLTP is mostly used for a great number of transactions bring off by multiple users. It is a very fast analytical database.
NoSQL:
It is also known as a non-relational database. It stores unstructured data manipulate. While in a relational database the data stored is in composed form. NoSQL is very popular in web applications.
Apart from these databases, other types of databases are also used today. Some are given below
- Open-source database
- Cloud database
- Multi-mode database
- Self-driving
- document database.
See lessWhat Motherboard Slot Has Direct Access To The North Bridge?
What Motherboard Slot Has Direct Access to The North Bridge? Answer: The primary PCle slot has direct access to the motherboard Northbridge. Northbridge motherboard: The motherboard comes in two chips one is Northbridge and the other is south bridge. The function of these two bridges is to connect tRead more
What Motherboard Slot Has Direct Access to The North Bridge?
Answer:
The primary PCle slot has direct access to the motherboard Northbridge.
Northbridge motherboard:
The motherboard comes in two chips one is Northbridge and the other is south bridge. The function of these two bridges is to connect the different parts of the motherboard to other components. The northern part is responsible for connecting the CPU to the other components. The components include RAM, AGP card, and the front side of FSB. The process required by optimum computing performance is facilitated by north bridge.
On the other hand, south bridge controlled the I/O hub. Northbridge is also known as a memory controller or MCH. This part of the computer is accountable for memory control. The advanced motherboard is simple comes with a few components. The design should be helping reduce the cost and increases the performance efficiency of the parts.
The Northbridge chips are used in old intel-powered this is because peoples are curious to know what motherboard slot has a direct connection to Northbridge. We can state the responsibilities of Northbridge within the CPU in dealing with Intel Sandy Bridge and AMD units.
PCle slots:
It is used to connect graphics and other expansion cards to the motherboard of the computer. So, these slots not only connect the graphic cards to the computer motherboard also to all ports of the computer or storage interfaces. The parallel slots, serial ports, and disk interfaces are connected with the help of slots. The PC starts slowly with the advancement in technology so EISA comes into the world and also interface comes is called VESA.
The peripheral component of the PCI slot comprises four slots and also has an AGP slot and accelerated slot. There is a divergent type of motherboard each comprising distinct numbers of AGI and PCI slots that are different on the motherboard. The advancement of PCI slots to show high-speed versions of PCI slots. Like PCIe X 16 and PCIe X 1 slots.
See lessWhat Does The Outbound Destination Sign Identify?
What Does the Outbound Destination Sign Identify? Answer: The destination output signal identifies the panels for the tracks. Destination sign: It is a sign set up on the front side or on the backside of public transport vehicles like bus, streetcar, and light vehicles that indicate the route numberRead more
What Does the Outbound Destination Sign Identify?
Answer:
The destination output signal identifies the panels for the tracks.
Destination sign:
It is a sign set up on the front side or on the backside of public transport vehicles like bus, streetcar, and light vehicles that indicate the route number of vehicles and destinations is called destination sign in north American English and I British English called destination indicator or destination blind. Head sign means the sign located on the front side of the vehicle mostly at the top of the windshield.
It also displays the midway points in the current route or a route consisting of a greater number of routes depending upon the type of the sign.
Representation of the target sign:
when several runways are placed on destination signs, when two or more two arrows are used, the vertical line is drawn to parts of the destinations. Dots are used when multiple runways are located in the same direction The dots in the central crack identified the destination on the panel. Destination signs are put in place at a maximum distance from the taxiway edge. The outgoing destination defines the direction of the tracks in taxi routes. It should never be combined with other signs. While the inbound destination signal indicates the direction to follow at the airport.
See lessWhat Is The Maximum Distance For 10gbase-Er And 10gbase-Ew On A Segment Of Single Mode Fiber?
What Is the Maximum Distance For 10gbase-Er And 10gbase-Ew on A Segment of Single-Mode Fiber? Answer: The maximum distance for 10gbase-ER and 10gbase-EW on a segment of single-mode fiber is 40 kilometers. ER in 10GBase stands for extended reach. This standard defines a star topology and the length oRead more
What Is the Maximum Distance For 10gbase-Er And 10gbase-Ew on A Segment of Single-Mode Fiber?
Answer:
The maximum distance for 10gbase-ER and 10gbase-EW on a segment of single-mode fiber is 40 kilometers. ER in 10GBase stands for extended reach. This standard defines a star topology and the length of segments is up to 40 kilometers and in meters, the maximum distance is 40,000 meters per segment length.
10 Gigabit Ethernet:
10gbase-ER is a computer networking group for transferring Ethernet frames at an estimate of 10 gigabits per second. Previously it only defines the full-duplex end-to-end link connected by network switches. CSMA/CD shared medium operation is not carried out in the previous generation. Repeater’s hubs and half-duplex operations have not existed in 10GbE.
The standard of 10-gigabit Ethernet bound a different physical layer’s standards (PHY). Networking devices like switches have different PHY varieties by pluggable PHY modules. Previous Ethernet cables used copper or fiber cable the maximum distance by copper wire is 100 meters. Higher cables are required because of their bandwidth requirements.
10gbase-ER is a type of optical fiber. Two basic types of optical fibers are single-mode in which light moves in a single path it is used for long paths, while in multimode it takes multiple routes used for less distance around 300 m.
Active optical devices that have optical electronics connected already remove the connecters between the optical module and the cable. These cables are cheap than other cables because the makers organize the electronics according to the length of a kind of cables.
10gbase-ER and 10gbase-EW:
10gbase- ER is single mode fiber. It uses 1550 nm lasers. At the rate of 10.3125 GBd transfer serialized data in a line. Its transmitter is an appliance with an externally modulated laser (EML). In 10gbase-ER over-engineered links has reached 10 km while in standard has 30 km.
See lessWhat Authentication Protocol Sends Authentication Information In Cleartext Without Encryption?
What Authentication Protocol Sends Authentication Information in Cleartext Without Encryption? Answer: The Password Authentication Protocol sends authentication information in clear text without encryption. Authentication protocol: It is a kind of computer communication protocol or cryptographic proRead more
What Authentication Protocol Sends Authentication Information in Cleartext Without Encryption?
Answer:
The Password Authentication Protocol sends authentication information in clear text without encryption.
Authentication protocol:
It is a kind of computer communication protocol or cryptographic protocol. It is particularly planned to transmit data authentication between two entities. It allows to receiving entity to verify the connecting entity means the client connects to a server. It also verifies itself to the connecting entity (server connect to client) by announcing the needed type of information for verification. To secure communication in computer networks this is the most important layer of protection.
Authentication Protocol Purpose:
To secure the information from an unauthorized person this protocol is needed. In the computing world, it’s very easy to steal someone’s information or identity. To avoid this special verification is invented to verify the personal data who really, he is. The main postulate of this protocol is.
Very basic threats to protocols are eavesdropping, dictionary attacks, replay tracks, and force attacks. Most of the authentication protocols are complicated to protect from attacks.
Password authentication protocol (PAP):
Password authentication protocol is a weak authentication protocol. It does not encode any data and it transfers clear authentication credentials. It is the oldest verification protocol. In authentication, the client sends the package with username and password at the start of connection until the request is accepted the client repeats the authentication request. This is highly insecure because it is repeatedly clear making it vulnerable to attacks like eavesdropping attacks. It is widely supported if execution offers a strong authentication method is applied before password authentication protocol. Mixed authentication is not expected for example same clients use both PAP and CHAP.
Challenge- handshake authentication protocol is come terms by password authentication protocol by sending the password in Cleartext.
See less