What Is Zero Trust Network Access?

(ZTNA) Zero Trust Network Access is also known as Software Defined Perimeter (SDP). It is the set of technologies and services or products that create a secure identity and content-based access to the internal application or set of applications for remote users. These applications are invisible from discovery, entry is restricted to the attackers. Trust broker has a set of names and identities. The broker verifies the context, policy of the particular participants, and identity before giving access it also restricts the sideways movement in the network. Application is not visible to the public and it greatly reduces the chance for the attackers.

Zero trust network access never gives access to remote users. It made the secure connection for the private application never expose to the network or app to the internet. Many organizations change their preferences using Zero trust, ZTNA is the scheme to achieve an efficient trust model. The way to the zero-trust model is ambiguous so the Zero trust network access gives a defined and organized framework to follow for the organization. ZTNA is different from the VPN in which VPN gives access to the whole network while ZTNA provides access to the specific applications. The increasing number of users accessing ZTNA assists to remove the gap in other secure remote access methods and technologies.

Working:

After the user is verified from the ZTNA service the access is granted to the resource or application. After the authenticated ZTNA gives access to the users to the application by using an encrypted tunnel that provides extra security to the application and service from the internet protocol address otherwise it would visible.

ZTNA acts as a software-defined perimeter based on the idea of ​​the “dark cloud”. Avoids the visibility of other applications and services that the users are not allowed to access. It also protects from sideways attacks. If the hackers gain access but they would not be able to locate other applications.

Top uses:

It has many clouds security uses such as,

• Replacement of VPN
• Reduce the chance of attackers
• Protect multi-cloud access
• Increase M&A integration.

At What Point During the Motherboard Installation Should You Install the Motherboard Drivers??

Answer:

1. Power on for the first time before apply
2. After the POST is complete
3. When boot you get the blue screen of death
4. After the window start with no error

Option D is correct after the window starts with no error you should install the Motherboard drivers during the Motherboard installation.

Motherboard:

motherboards come in a variety of sizes and shapes, and each has a specific role. It is the consolidated platform on which all parts of a computer communicate with each other. All smaller components such as video cards, sound cards, and central processing units are connected to the motherboard through a connection or directly.

Gathering the motherboard is not difficult but the first-time user uses it with the supervision of an expert. Once you completed the motherboard assembly check whether it is working properly or not. Electricity powers the motherboard and initiates the boot process on your computer.After verifying that the motherboard is working properly, install the motherboard drivers. The motherboard drivers only performed usefully after the system start without any error.

Motherboard drivers:

It is also called a chipset driver. Motherboard drivers are the software interface between the motherboard (the centralized point where all components of the computer are attached) and the application or operating system. With the motherboard driver’s whole system working properly without them you may miss out on the key features and the performance is worst. Motherboard drivers are very important for the development of the components.

Motherboard drivers are updated to improve performance, add affinity for new hardware, and stability of the system. It is necessary to update the version of your motherboard drivers to take full benefit from new features.

What Is the Function of The Crc Value That Is Found in The FCS Field of a Frame??

Answer:

• Uphold the physical address
• Support the logical address in the frame
• Back up the unification of the received frame
• Calculate the sum of the header for the data field

In comparison to the CRC value of the frame, the CRC value in the FCS field of a frame is used for the verification of the unification of the received frame. If the two values ​​do not match, the frame is discarded.

Frame check sequence (FCS):

FCS is the code used to detect the error in a communication protocol. Frame check sequence is used to send payload data from the source to the target place.

The basic purpose of FCS:

Within the Frame check sequence all the fields, bytes, and bites are supported to error from the different sources. Based on the data in the frame a number in the FCS field is calculated by the node source. The number is added up to the frame end that is sent. When data is received at the destination, the FCS number is recalculated and then compared to the FCS number in the frame. The frame is discarded if the two vales come different.

Frame check sequence is responsible for error detection only. The error must be corrected by different means. For example, Ethernet talks about the broken frame but does not specify any act or action on how the frame can be retransferred. Transmission Control Protocol is responsible for error recovery, stimulating retransmission, and the loss of data.

Application:

The FCS is transmitted in a way that the receiver calculates the sum over the whole frame with the trailing FCS expected to see a fixed result if it is correct. The standard data sent for Ethernet and other protocols like IEEE 802 is the least significant bit with the FCS the data sent is significant (31 bit). An alternative way is to reverse the FCS in this way it can send the least significant bit 0.

Types:

• Cyclic redundancy check CRC (32 bit)
• X.25 (32 or 16 bit)
• HDLC (32 or 16 bit)
• Frame relies upon (16 bit)
• Point-to-point protocol (32 or 16 bit).

What Is Contained in The Trailer of a Data-Link Frame??

Answer:

1. Data information
2. Physical address
3. Detection of error
4. Logical address

Option C is correct, the trailer of a data link frame contained is the error detection in the frame of FCS. The head of the title controls the information while the data word in the title contains the data, internet protocol header, and the transport layer PDU.

Datalink layer:

In the seven layers of the OSI model of the networking computer data link layer or layer 2 is the second layer in it, between the nodes this layer as a protocol transfers data on the segments of the network over the physical layer. The functionalities and the procedural role of the second layer are to transfer data between the computer network and also detect the errors in the physical layer.

Protocol data units also known as data link frames in the local network it does not cross the boundary of a network. High-layer functions such as global addressing and inter-network routing allow the data link to focus on addressing, local delivery, and media arbitration. The data link frame is opposite to the traffic cop. If the two devices use simultaneously it might be possible for frame collision occurs. So, to prevent such frame collisions data link frames, detect these collisions, and recover from them. Internet protocol/TCP, Ethernet. point-to-point protocol and HDLC are examples of data link frames or protocols.

Error and detection:

Datalink frame in addition to framing responsible for the detection and the recovery from errors in the transmission. The sender adds the code as the error detection code to the sent frame in this way receiver detects the error in transmission. When the receiver receives the frame, it matches the received detection code with the recalculated error detection code.

Error detection defined as it is the function that reckons the number of extra information bits communicates with the total number of bits. A parity bit is the simplest detection code it allows the receiver to point to the error that overblown the single bit in the transmission bits. Modern methods exist than the parity method to detect the error in a more precise way.

My Email Was Hacked – What Should I Do?

Answer:

Attackers hack email accounts to send a fraudulent message from the trusted email address so that when the recipient receives the email, they take actions that are the goal o the scammers. Scammers could be sending the link or attachments when the receiver opens the click it installs the virus or malware, spyware on the device. By hacking email, they use personal information or use to address to send money.

When the email is hacked:

Your email hacked because of the four following reasons are compromised

• Password may be weak for broking.
• Up-to-date security software does not install on your computer or any device.
• Might be possible you click on the link, web page, or any social networking site
• You download the games, and videos with the malicious link attached.

 Things to do when the email was hacked:

1. Credentials change: After the email is hacked the first thing is to take back the email account. If you may contact your email service provider for help. You have to verify yourself by providing information to regain control of your account. If this condition is possible still have a chance to access your internet, make the following uses right away,

• New password and user name:

Change your password into a strong one that uses special characters or numbers at least 12 characters included in the password. Lower and upper cases are also used in the password. This makes your password unique for every account. Password managers help create a strong password and track login information.

• Change the security question:

your security question may be too easy for hackers to guess. If you do not change the security question might be your account hacked again by answering the security question. Avoid using a question that is commonly used or available online.

1. Warn your contacts:

Tell your address book contacts that your email account is hacked. Warn them not to click on the link sent from your email to them. Never share personal information, credit card detail, or send money.

1. Scan your device for viruses:

Scan your device with the comprehensive online protection software to make sure your device is free from malware or any kind of virus. Set a regular auto-scan that will help to clean the device from malware.