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Why Do Ospf Serial Interfaces Usually Require Manual Bandwidth Configuration?
Why do OSPF serial interfaces usually require manual bandwidth configuration? The value of the bandwidth has a huge impact on the link actual speed. It can use the bandwidth value because it can help in the evaluation of the routes for the routing table. All of the OSPF serial interfaces have the dRead more
Why do OSPF serial interfaces usually require manual bandwidth configuration?
Answer: The correct answer is option 2. The OSPF uses the bandwidth value because it can help in the evaluation of the routes for the routing table.
For the activation of the OSPF network, first, you need to activate the protocol on more than one interface on the devices in the network where the traffic flow occurs. The configuration of the interface depends on the interface connection with the broadcast or point-to-point network etc.
The configuration of the interface can also be done to be passive or to work in passive traffic engineering mode or the peer interface.
- Passive interface work is to advertise the address bit it can not run the OSPF protocol.
- The interface which is working with the passive traffic engineering mode floods the link address information along with the autonomous system (AS).
- The peer interface configuration is done with OSPFv2 routing devices.it is needed for the generalized MPLS(GMPLS) to transfer the data with the help of traffic engineering information with the help separate link from the control center.
See lessWhich Of The Following Are Valid Cpu Types For Intel-Based Platforms?
Which of the following are valid CPU types for Intel-based platforms? 64 bits. 32 bits 164 bits 24 bits Answer: 64 bit and 32 bits are the valid CPU types for the intel-based platforms. CPU is the central processing unit that acts as the brain of the computer. The processor is known as the CPU. InRead more
Which of the following are valid CPU types for Intel-based platforms?
Answer: 64 bit and 32 bits are the valid CPU types for the intel-based platforms.
CPU is the central processing unit that acts as the brain of the computer. The processor is known as the CPU. In the program, the set of instructions is executed with the help of the CPU. The work of the CPU is critical without it is impossible to make the monitor work. That’s why it is essential to have the correct CPU type. The CPU manufacturing leading companies are Intel and AMD. The types of the CPU are described in the following section:
Single-core:
Single-core is the older version of the CPU, and at first, it was the only available CPU present in the computer. It can perform one task at a time which means it is not multitasking, and the output declines are easily noticed if more than one application was working at a time.
Dual-core CPU:
The dual-core processor has two major CPUs which work as two single CPUs. It can perform more than one function at the same time with greater efficiency. The optimize dual-core CPU use a special code use which is SMT which has to be implemented on the OS for the program to work.
Quad-core CPU:
There are multi-core CPUs which has four cores. Just like the dual-core CPU, it works by dividing the work into four cores, and the work is completed in no time. The cores are connected to the circuits present inside the chip as the cache, memory, etc.
See lessHow Long Is The Evaluation License Period For Cisco Ios Release 15.0 Software Packages?
How long is the evaluation license period for Cisco IOS Release 15.0 software packages? 60 days.10 days. 90 days. 7 days. Answer: The evaluation license period for Cisco IOS is 60 days. After this period, it will auto-shift to the Right-To-Use license. Cisco IOS is the Operating system that only runRead more
How long is the evaluation license period for Cisco IOS Release 15.0 software packages?
Answer: The evaluation license period for Cisco IOS is 60 days. After this period, it will auto-shift to the Right-To-Use license.
Cisco IOS is the Operating system that only runs on the Cisco system such as the routers and switches. The sole purpose of the Cisco IOS is to ensure communication between the nodes. Apart from Cisco Systems, it can provide various services which are useful by the administrator to improve the security and network traffic performance.
The services which are offered by it are encryption, authentication enforcement of the policies, QoS firewalls abilities, IRSs, and the unified communication system The software that is released is managed where Cisco calls it “families” and “trains”. The families have to share the exact code and train how the new system is delivered.
The operating system has two types which are described in the following:
IOS XE: It works on top of the Linux kernel. Both IOS XE and IOS have almost the same code, but the IOS codebase is considered separate and unique.
IOX XR: On the base of a QNX it is a commercial Unix-like real-time OS. It can support SDN (software-defined networking) and the embedded market system.
Different types of IOS modes are present. three are major while the other is the sub-modes. The major mode is defined in the following:
User EXEC mode:
It is the IOS CLI default mode, it usually exists after the access of IOS by the user. The basic commands as ping and telnet are included in this mode.
Privileged EXEC mode:
In the user EXEC mode when you type the enable command then access to the privileged mode is given.it can be secured with a password. The user is allowed to check and modify the device configuration.
Global configuration mode:
In the privileged EXEC mode, it can be accessed by typing the Configure terminal command.it can also change the device configuration.
See lessWhat Is The Decimal Equivalent Of The Binary Number 10010101?
What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 10010101? 150. 167 198 149. Answer: The binary number 10010101 is equal to the decimal number 149 such as 128+16+4+1 =149. The binary number is described as the number which is displayed in the form of a binary system as the base 2 number. The valuRead more
What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 10010101?
Answer: The binary number 10010101 is equal to the decimal number 149 such as 128+16+4+1 =149.
The binary number is described as the number which is displayed in the form of a binary system as the base 2 number. The value is described in two different digits as 1 (one) and 0(zero). the base 2 is defined as a notation along with radix 2.
The binary system is implemented on almost all types of computers and other devices that are related to the computer because it is directly involved in the electronic circuits with the help of logic gates. The digits are known as the bit.
Let’s take an example: convert 6 to the binary number:
6 in the binary form are 1102
4 is the decimal number and the decimal system is represented in the form of digits from 0 to 9. but the binary system is represented only in two digits 0 and 1. let’s take a look at how to convert 6 to the binary numbers:
At first, you need to divide the digit 6 by. With the help of an integer, the quotient uses the divided first number for the next number and continues until the quotation is equal to 0.
In the next step write the remainder in the reverse order starting from the bottom to the top.in it the least significant is 0 and most significant is 1. the decimal number 6 in binary form is 1102.
To calculate the number of bits in the binary number 6 it is done by counting the zeros and ones. In this, the number of bits is 3 because one 0 and two 1 are present in this binary system.
See lessWhat Method Is Used To Manage Contention-Based Access On A Wireless Network?
What method is used to manage contention-based access on a wireless network? Collision detection. CSMA/CA. Token ring. ALOHA. Answer: Carrier sense multiple access with a collision is used to manage contention-based access on a wireless network. While the CSMA/CD is used along with ethernet wired toRead more
What method is used to manage contention-based access on a wireless network?
Answer: Carrier sense multiple access with a collision is used to manage contention-based access on a wireless network. While the CSMA/CD is used along with ethernet wired to manage the media contention. While the token ring ALOHA is not used for media contention.
What do you know about CSMA/CA?
CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision detection) is one of the protocols of the network and act as carrier transmission which works in the layer of medium access control. On the other hand, CSMA/CD work with the collision after the coherence occurs, and CSMA/CA keeps the collision to happen.
The main goal of the CSMA/CA is to make the station able to receive the signal during the collision detection from multiple stations.in the cable system when the coherence happens the energy is suddenly rising almost double the current energy and the station be able to find the collision in the signals. in the wireless connection, the rise in energy is almost 10 to 15 % of the current and the station detects the collision. this is why CSMA/CA is more suitable with a wireless connection than with a wired network.
The strategies which are used in the CSMA/CA are described below:
IFS:
IFS stands for interframe space that describes when the station finds the channel not available then it can wait for a period which is known as IFS it also described the channel’s priority or frames.
Priority is inversely proportional to the priority lower the IFS higher the priority and vice versa.
Contention Window:
It is defined as the time-division between the slots. a station that wants to send frames and ready chooses general slots as its waiting time.
Acknowledgment:
A good acknowledgment and a timeout ensure successful frame transmission.
CSMA/CA process:
The procedure for the CSMA/CA is described in the following:
Pros and cons of CSMA/CA:
Pros:
Cons:
- The process utilizes high power during transmission.
- It calls for long waiting times.
- It also uses more bandwidth.
See lessWhat Is True Concerning Physical And Logical Topologies?
What is true concerning physical and logical topologies? Both of the topology logical and physical are the same. Physical topology is related to how the frames are transferred through the network. The physical topology shows the IP address schedule of the networks. Logical topology is concerned withRead more
What is true concerning physical and logical topologies?
Answer: the physical topology work is to display the interconnection between the devices physically while the logical topology displays the method the network will move the data among the connected nodes.
Physical topology:
The physical topology work is to manage or form the order of different components of the network. The physical connection with the help of wire technology such as cables made the connected network. The main focus of network topology is to focus on the general elements such as the data transfer, type of the device, etc. The structure of the wire and nodes connection depends on how easy the installation and the network setup are? The cost and the capability of the bandwidth are also affected based on the devices. The node’s location and distance among them also matter to physical topology. The device arranges also form like a ring, or in the form of a straight line like bus topology. Factors that affect the connection of the physical topology are :
Types of the physical topology are also listed below:
Logical topology:
The logical topology shows the structure of the devices and the communication among them.it reflects how the data is transferred through the physical topology. It does not depend on physical topology, except the structure of the node as how they are arranged? It focuses on the tangled detail of the network such as the type of devices (switches, hubs, router) and their quality which has an impact on the transfer rate and speed of the data frames. The logical topology ensures exquisite flow which is moving within the network. The types of logical topology are:
The logical topology deal with the logical connection so it can handle a few things such as:
The main difference between the physical and logical topology
The major difference between physical and logical topology are discussed below:
- The physical topology shows the physical layout while logical topology is the logical connection that shows the transmission of the data among physical topology.
- The structure can change based on need in physical topology while in logical topology no modification or changes can happen.
- Physical topology structure is start ring, mesh, and bus topology .in the logical topology is logical bus and ring.
- Physical topology is the actual connection while logical topology shows the data flow.
- Physical topology affects the cost, bandwidth, of the network based on the availability of the network. Logical topology affects the speed and the data transmission flow.
See lessWhat Is The Primary Purpose Of Arp?
What is the primary purpose of ARP? ARP usually translates the URLs to the IP addresses. It can settle the IPv4 addresses to the MAC addresses. It can give the dynamic IP configuration to a network device. The internal private address is converted to the outer public address by ARP. Answer: ARP canRead more
What is the primary purpose of ARP?
Answer: ARP can settle the IPv4 addresses to the MAC addresses. In the Ethernet local area network for the attached devices, the addresses are 48 bits in length. The table which is usually known as the ARP cache can handle the correlation among the MAC address and the IP addresses corresponding to it.
What do you know about the ARP?
ARP stands for the address resolution protocol which is the process for determining the path of a dynamic address with the permanent physical address within the local area network (LAN).MAC address is the physical machine.
ARP work is to interpret the 32-bit addresses to 48-bit addresses.it is one of the essential steps because the IP address in the IPV4 is a 32-bit address but the physical machine has the 48-bit address. ARP is present in layers 2 and 3 of the OSI model, MAC address on layer 2 which is the data link layer of the OSI model while the IP address is on layer 3 of the network layer. IP uses ARP for various LAN technology as token ring, IP address of the ATM.
Working of the ARP
When the PC is connected to the LAN it is given an IP address which is it’s own for identification and transmission. When the packets which are moving toward the destination connected with the LAN reach the gateway, at that point the ARP program work. It permits the gateway to locate the MAC address which matches to IP addresses. The ARP cache manages the records of the individual IP address and the related MAC address.
The OS in an IPv4 manages the ARP cache. Each time the host sends the request to a MAC address to send the packets to the destined host within the LAN, the ARP is handy, which is scanned to check if the IP address to MAC address translation is present in it or not. If not, then the other ARP request is not needed, and the request is directly sent and the ARO works.
ARP sends the request to almost all the physical machines connected within LAN and check if any other machine is using the needed IP address. If the physical machine identifies the IP address by itself, it sends the notification so that ARP modifies the cache for further needs and continues with the communication. Reverse ARP (RARP) is used by the destinated machine that doesn’t know about their IP address. Some of the terms which are important for ARP are:
- Reverse ARP: The host machine uses it to find the IP which is unknown to it.
- Proxy ARP: In it, a proxy machine on the LAN network answers the ARP request.
- Inverse ARP: In this the MAC address help to find the IP address.
See lessWhat Statement Best Describes A Raid 5?
What statement best describes a raid 5? A RAID 5 array consist of at least 2 drive and the parity knowledge is written to give fault-tolerance across the drive. RAID 5 is considered as striped sets along with parity striped across all drives. RAID 5 consist of at least 3 drive and divide the parityRead more
What statement best describes a raid 5?
Answer: The statement which best describes the RAID 5 is that it is considered as striped sets along with parity striped across all drives.
What is RAID 5?
RAID 5 is known as the redundant array of the independent disk which uses the disk striping along with parity, and the reason is the data are evenly striped and none disk is the bottleneck. In the situation of disk failure, the striping helps to reconstruct the data.
This method is the most used method of RAID, the usable storage is more in it as compared to RAID 1 and 10, while the performance is the same as to RAID 0. it has at least three hard disks and no limit in the maximum. Because the data is spread all over the drives. It is accepted as one of the secure configured methods among all the methods of RAID.
Working of RAID 5
RAID 5 is famous because it collects disks with both striping and parity. Striping is the method to store the segments of data in the different storage devices and the throughput and performance are improved with it. Striping of the disk with parity makes it reliable, redundant, and scalable.
For the redundancy, the parity comes in help. On the disk when the data is written, the parity is calculated at that time and written on the drives. On the other hand, mirroring mange, the various copies of the data in the volume in case of the failure. For storing data on one drive the other two data are joined and stored in the third drive and protect the data in case of failure of one disk.in RAID 5 without any downtime, the drive can be replaced as a hot-swapped process.
Pros and cons of the RAID 5
The benefit and the failure are present for each thing. RAID 5 has its pros and cons which are listed below:
Pros:
Cons:
- It has a long rebuild time which is the disadvantage of it that causes the data loss.
- During the rebuild, if the disk failed the data will get lost permanently.
- Although the backup is given by it which is not equal to the disaster recovery setup which fine the hardware in on-premise and off-premise.
See lessWhat Is The Default Subnet Mask For The Ip Address 203.111.3.3?
What is the default subnet mask for the IP address 203.111.3.3? 255.255.255.0. 198.192.1.0. 192.0.0.0. 168.141.0.1. Answer: The default subnet mask for the IP address 203.111.3.3 is 255.255.255.0. This is the default subnet mask for class C, also represented by A.B.C/24, in which /24 is the 24 bitsRead more
What is the default subnet mask for the IP address 203.111.3.3?
Answer: The default subnet mask for the IP address 203.111.3.3 is 255.255.255.0. This is the default subnet mask for class C, also represented by A.B.C/24, in which /24 is the 24 bits subnet mask.
What do you know about the IP classes?
IP is the main protocol when the two devices communicate with each other. Its hierarchy has different classes which are used in many scenarios according to the host requirement per network. There are five classes and each of them is identified by the first octet of the given IP address. The internet corporation for name and number assigning assigned the IP addresses as well.
For example:
11000011.10101010.1000000.00000001
In the given example the first octet is 11000011 and so on. The host network and the number in each class are calculated with the formula:
Networks number = 2^network_bits.
Number of the host = 2^host_bits -2.
During the calculation of the host address, 2 ip addresses are lessened because the first IP address is the number of networks and the last octet is for the IP broadcasting. The classes of the IP addresses are:
Class A address:
In the class first bit of the octet remains 0 in the address. The octet range of class A is 1 – 127. for example:
00000001 -01111111
Class A address starts from 1. x.x.x to 126. x.x.x while the IP range 127 is fixed for the loopback of IP addresses, and the default IP address for class A is 255.0.0.0 which is only applied on addressing of Class A and it describes that A class can only have 126 networks (27-2) and 16777214 hosts (224-2).
Structure of the class A is: 0NNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH. HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
Class B:
The IP address of Class B contains the first two bits which are present in the first octet set 10.for example:
10000000 -10000000
128 to 191
Class B range for IP address is 128.0.x.x to 191. 255. x.x. the subnet mask is 255.255.x.x which is set as default. The network address in class B is 16384 (214) while the host addresses are 65534 (216-2).
The structure for the Class B: 10NNNNNN.NNNNNNNN. HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.
Class C address:
The octet first 3 bits of class C start with 110. for example, 11000000 -1101111 which are 192-223 in range. Class C range starts from 192.0.0.x to 223.255.255.x. and the subnet mask which is set as default is 255.255.255.x.
Class C Network address is 2097152 (221) and Host addresses is 254 (28-2).
Class C IP address structure is: 110NNNNN.NNNNNNNN. NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.
Class D:
The four bits of class D IP addresses are set 1110 and the range is 11100000 – 11100000 and it is 224 -239. the range for Class D is 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255. 255. this class is especially for multicasting, that is the reason the host address is not extracted from its IP address. it has no subnet mask.
Class E:
This is for the experiment study no other reason fits in it. The range for Class E is 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254. the subnet mask is also absent in this class.
See lessA System Will Always Require What Power Connector?
A system will always require what power connector? 4-pin auxiliary. 8-pin auxiliary. P1 power connector. 6-pin PCle connector. Answer: The connector which is always used by the system is the P1 power connector. The P1 power connector is a connector on the ATX motherboard. .it is used by the motherboRead more
A system will always require what power connector?
Answer: The connector which is always used by the system is the P1 power connector. The P1 power connector is a connector on the ATX motherboard. .it is used by the motherboard and gives its power.it has almost 20 to 24 pins. And one of the pins belongs to the PS-ON wire and the color is usually green. A power supply with 24-pin is usually used to connect with a 20-pin connector by the motherboard.
What is a P1 power connector?
The P1 power connector is known as the main connector, it has 20 or possibly 24 pins. The 20-pin size is considered the old connector and used for older computer connections The common connector size used in today’s world is a 24-pin size connector which is further divided into 4 and 20 pins if there is a need.
The connector acts as complete with some power and cannot be divided. If you are stuck in the situation where you need the 20-pin size then there are two solutions either find the adapter to convert the 24-pin size to 20 pins or just try to work with it. you can face difficulty to connect and it might be tight and the remaining will stay out of the plug, try to do it with care if you are attempting it.
The connection on the motherboard is coded, which means you can plug in the connector unless you have to in the right way or use force which is dangerous because it will cause damage to the device. If there is a need to use the force at least first check the plug maybe you are putting it on the wrong side.
The motherboard plug has a notch, which will attach to the latch which is present on the plug. when you try to connect the P1 connector you can hear a voice that ensures that the plug is connected successfully. When the connector is connected, it is continuously available at 5 volts to the computer. Typically, the PC is on standby and a 5-volt power supply is supplied to this device, if wake-on-LAN, the power permits the PC to look for that wake-on-LAN event and begin the PC up.
It is also possible for the keyboard to start the PC from sleep mode if it has computer support. Along with time pass, the PC needs more energy first 20-pin is not enough now 24-pin connector will not fit.
P1 connector has two forms one is P1 plug and P4 MB. let’s see both of them in the following:
P1 Plug: It is also known as a motherboard connector, which establishes the connection between the motherboard with the power supply.
P4 MB: it works by connecting the motherboard with the onboard CPU to power energy and they are at least 4 or 8 connectors .the Molex power energy comes from at least one of the plugs.
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