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Which Transport Layer Feature Is Used To Guarantee Session Establishment?
The transport layer is the division of process in the layered architecture and OSI model which is a seven-layer model. The transport layer gives the interface between the top layer for the transmission within and across the network. It can transfer the packets from the source to the destination in tRead more
The transport layer is the division of process in the layered architecture and OSI model which is a seven-layer model. The transport layer gives the interface between the top layer for the transmission within and across the network. It can transfer the packets from the source to the destination in the form of nodes.it can also provide the segmentation and again the rearrangements of the packets. The transport layer provides the multiplexing, flow control. The TCP (transmission control protocol) is the three-way handshake which is the main topic of today’s discussion.
What is the TCP 3-way handshake?
The TCP 3 -way handshake is used in the TP/IP protocol and is responsible for the connection between the server and the client or user. as the name indicate the TCP 3 way is the process that is based on the three steps and it includes both the client and the server for the acknowledgment and the synchronization before the data transmission.
The process is built in a way that the ends help in the initiation, separation, and negotiation of the socket of the TCP at a time. The multiple transmission is held through the TCP in both directions at the same time.
The types of the TCP 3-way handshake
The three-way is based on the three types of the message which has been transferring during the process which is listed below:
SYN: for the start and the establishment of the connection, the sequence is also determined or sequenced with this message between devices.
ACK: The ACK message is for confirmation from the receiving side that the message is transferred safely to its destination.
SYN-ACK: The SYN is the local device message while the ACK is the message of the packets earlier.
FIN: The FIN is to disable the connection which is established between devices.
Process of the 3-way handshake
The process starts when the client or user requests communication with the server. The process is based on the three steps which are described below:
Step 1: connection built
In the beginning, the client has to build a connection with the server. A segment SYN over the network has been sent to the server for connection start. The packet has a random sequence number and the main purpose of the segment is to check whether the server is ready for connection.
Step 2: Respond to the server
The second step is that the server has to inform the client that the request has been received with the help of SYN-ACK. ACK is used for the acknowledgment while the SYN is for the sequence number so that it could be able to start.
Step 3: Client acknowledgment
The client has received the SYN/ACK segment which is from the server that is ready for the connection. And the sequence forms each side has to be checked by the increment of the one. The server packet is Y so when the client adds one to the sequence number it becomes Y+1.
Which layer of the transport is for the guarantee session establishment?
The transport layer which is used for the guarantee session establishment is the 3-way handshake because in this the communication is established with the whole stable process and it is reliable as well.
See lessWhich Two Functions Or Operations Are Performed By The Mac Sublayer? (Choose Two.)
In the OSI model, it consists of the seven-layer and MAC (media access control) is the sublayer of the data link layer which is the layer of the OSI model. To understand the MAC sublayer the information of the OSI model and its layers are important. The layer is in the following: Application layer.Read more
In the OSI model, it consists of the seven-layer and MAC (media access control) is the sublayer of the data link layer which is the layer of the OSI model. To understand the MAC sublayer the information of the OSI model and its layers are important. The layer is in the following:
The topic has information about the MAC layer because without it you would not be able to determine the answer to the question: Which functions are performed by the MAC sublayer?
MAC sublayer
MAC layer basic work is to handle the communication between data packets, the network interface card, and the remote channels, i.e., switch, router.MAC gives the addressing process and authority to the channels for transmission.
Functions of the MAC layers
The functions of the MAC layer are in the following:
What are the MAC Addresses?
The MAC address is specifically assigned to the NIC (network interface controller) of the device. In the data communication of the segments such as WIFI, Bluetooth is used as the network address. At the time of the development, the MAC address is designated. The model of the MAC address is that it is based on six groups of the two hexadecimal digits, which are on the distance with the help of the hyphens, colons, etc.
MAC layers protocols
some protocols are used by the MAC sublayer and they are given in the following section:
ALOHA:
The protocol is held responsible for the controlled access to the transmission channels. And ALOHA required something that can handle collision. Because if all the nodes tend to transmit the signals at the same time it causes a collision, and the frames may be lost during the collision.
CSMA
The carrier sense multiple access which is used for the shared topologies i.e., ethernet, and unlike ALOHA the transmission occurs when there are no packets are in the queue. If the channel is sending the packets then the other packet has to wait for its turn to avoid the collision. There are the two types of CSMA which are listed below:
CSMA/CD.
The collision detection gives the information of the event when the devices try to send the packets after getting the information that the channel is not in use. Then the collision occurs, the packets have to wait for some time and then resend.
CSMA/CA.
In the CA the collision does not happen because the nodes have already been informed about the transmission.
What two functions or operations are performed by the MAC sublayer?
Option 2 and 4 are correct and the functions of the MAC layer have already been described above.
See lessWhich Two Factors Influence The Method That Is Used For Media Access Control? (Choose Two.)
When the device is connected to the network, they have the assigned MAC address it is the physical address of the devices. It is for the identification which is allocated to the NIC and allows the communication among the segments in a network. MAC address is determined with the methods in the differRead more
When the device is connected to the network, they have the assigned MAC address it is the physical address of the devices. It is for the identification which is allocated to the NIC and allows the communication among the segments in a network.
MAC address is determined with the methods in the different devices such as Linux, windows, etc., while some of the factors influenced these methods and we will also give the knowledge about the factors in the following topic that’s why to stay connected to the end.
MAC (Media access control )
The MAC address is present or use in the OSI model and it is the sublayer of the data link layer. They are presented as the hexadecimal digit of the six groups which are either separated by the hyphens, colon, or without any separator as well. The MAC address is not so very difficult to determine.
An address is allocated by the manufactures of the devices and they are written on the network interface card since they are unique which means they are constant and cannot be changed. To connect with the local network the MAC Address is quite necessary when the router is detected by the device so a signal is initiate by the MAC address for connection, after this the IP address is assigned by the router to our device so that the internet allowed in the connection. The nodes like routers or switches have different MAC addresses on the same network, but the two NICs of two different network connections have the same MAC address as well.
How to find MAC address on different platforms?
The MAC address on different platforms is determined with different methods some of them for window are given in the following:
Methods 1:
Method 2:
Which factors influence the methods used in the Media access control?
The MAC method is depending on how on the data link layer the connection between the node appears and how the media shares on the nodes. These two influences the MAC. The type of data generated by the end devices, signals encrypted by the NIC on end devices, and the transfer method of the IP protocol do not have any influence on the methods choices of the MAC methods.
See lessWhich Three Devices Are Considered End Devices In A Network? (Choose Three.)
The devices which are more friendly are the end devices. They usually help the user to interact with the system in Infront of them. so that they can easily connect with the system and get the work done. A query is common about the and devices which is mostly involved in the entrance exam which is: wRead more
The devices which are more friendly are the end devices. They usually help the user to interact with the system in Infront of them. so that they can easily connect with the system and get the work done.
A query is common about the and devices which is mostly involved in the entrance exam which is: which three devices are considered as the end device in the network? And we have to choose among the options. That’s why we have gathered the knowledge from different devices about the end devices and their function so that it can be easy to solve the query if it ever presents in any exams.
What are the end devices over the network?
All the systems which are connected through the network and have their role in the communication or transmission are known as the hosts. With the end devices, people can easily connect and more familiar. They act as the interface between the end-users and the established network.
A few of the network devices are listed below:
A server act as the end device such as it has the downloaded software which helps the server to gives the information i.e., Email, Webpages to the other end devices which are connected over the network. e.g., a web server software is needed for the services related to the web on the network.
A client is also the end device that allows the request and show the information on the screen from the webserver with the help of the installed software. For example, the internet explorer is the client end device.
There are some devices such as the Hub, switches, router, bridges they are the non-end devices or known as the intermediate devices people might think of them as the end devices. End devises work is to demand the information and the server is used to provide that information.
How to discriminate one end device from another?
The end devices are may be the source or the receiver over the network for the data transmission. to discriminate the end devices from one another the addresses are allocated to each end device in the network. With the help of them, they can easily determine. by the start of the communication by the end device the address of the receiver or destination end device is used to determine the destination of the message or packets.
Conclusion
The end devices are the devices that act as the interface between the user and the system. They are used to request the needed information from the server. Some of the network devices are mobile devices, network printers, VoIP phones, etc. I wish your query is resolved with the help of this information.
See lessWhat Hardware Device Can Be Inserted Into A Network To Allow An Administrator To Monitor Traffic?
What Hardware Device Can Be Inserted into A Network to Allow An Administrator To Monitor Traffic? The packet sniffer is the device that is inserted into the Network for the Monitor traffic by allowing the administration. A computer is the network sniffer which expropriates the network segment traffiRead more
What Hardware Device Can Be Inserted into A Network to Allow An Administrator To Monitor Traffic?
The packet sniffer is the device that is inserted into the Network for the Monitor traffic by allowing the administration. A computer is the network sniffer which expropriates the network segment traffic and then copies it for investigation or analysis.
The packet sniffer is quite useful that’s why the information I have related to the packet sniffers is given in the following section. those who are interested must read it to the end.
What is the Packet sniffer?
Packet sniffers are also named as the packet analyzer, network analyzer, or packet sniffing and it is used for monitoring the traffic, troubleshooting the problems related to the network. And the advance sniffers are for the administration or monitor the user activity on the network.
The sniffing of the packet is the means to collect, analyze and gather a few or all frames or packets that are moving through the network, regardless of the fact how many packets are addressed. That is the only way to gather all the packets for analysis.
A packet analyzer is divided into two parts: one is the network adapter for the connection with the already established network to the sniffers and the other one is the software for the logging, analysis of the data which are gathered by the devices.
Classification of the packet sniffers
The packet sniffer is classified into two forms which are described in the following section:
Hardware packet sniffers:
for the analysis of the hardware, the packet sniffers for hardware are built and it is plugged into the network.to determine the traffic of the specific segment the hardware packet sniffer is used. If we fix it to the network properly the sniffers make sure that no packet is lost with the ability of the filters, routing. They are either keep the packets to it selves or move them to the collector for further analysis of the collected data.
Software packet sniffers
The packet sniffers of today’s world are the software. some of the networks are not able to configure and do not receive the network traffic which is the flow when they connected with the network that where the software packet sniffer came and change the configuration. The name of the configuration is the promiscuous mode for the network adapters. The works of the sniffer are to gather all the traffic that flows through the network interface. The packets are then used and logged along with the software packet sniffers need.
What are the works of the packet sniffers?
The packet sniffers work is not so difficult some of them are listed below with some brief descriptions:
Network monitoring:
The work of the sniffer is to analyze the network which is used all times to help the managers for the determining the networks and the bottlenecks in the network are also identified with the help of the sniffers.
Problem Identification:
The network troubleshooting is also determined by sniffers. In the case of the failure of some event the collected data helps to analyze the situation and, in the issue, resolving, they can also find the node which is not responding and the lost packets as well.
See lessWhich Encryption Protocol Below Is Used In The Wpa2 Standard?
Which encryption protocol below is used in the Wpa2 standard? WPA is called wi-fi protected Access, WPA2 is wi-fi protected Access II, WPA3 is wi-fi Protected Access. These are the three security systems organized by the wi-fi company to protect the wireless computer system. These are produced due tRead more
Which encryption protocol below is used in the Wpa2 standard?
WPA is called wi-fi protected Access, WPA2 is wi-fi protected Access II, WPA3 is wi-fi Protected Access. These are the three security systems organized by the wi-fi company to protect the wireless computer system. These are produced due to the response of several weakness points found in the previous system (WEP) wired equivalent privacy.
WPA was firstly developed in 2013. WPA2 is developed in 2014 it is an anticipation of more complexity and security over WPA. WPA3 was announced in January 2018 with upgrading improvements in the security system over WPA and WPA2. Let’s see the detailed explanation of these three security systems and also know how these are works?
What is WPA?
WPA is developed as an intermediate step over WEP because the full standard is available for WPA. WPA firmware is advanced than WEP on NIC. With the advancement of technology, several changes are needed in the wireless system than those required in network cards.
TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) has been integrated with WPA. The encryption key used by WPA is 64 bit or 128 bits. The key manually inserts into the wireless network system.
A message integrity check is developed in WPA to protect wireless devices from attackers who change and resend the data. Message integrity check changes the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) in the already WEP standard. The major drawback of WEP is it does not provide strong data for the data packet to be handled. TKIP is stronger than WEP but less strong than WPA2. The flaws discovered in WPA by the researchers are based on weakness in older WEP.
What is WPA 2?
WPA is replaced by WPA2 in 2014 for major security reasons. It is more advanced than WPA for the protection of the wireless security system. WPA2 uses CCMP and AES-based encryption cards. When it is developed it is mandatory for all the new devices for WPA2 certification.
How WPA2 works?
WPA2 replaces the TKIP and RC4 based on two higher and strong encryption modes. These modes are (AES) advanced encryption standard and (CCMP) counter code cipher block chaining message authentication code protocol. WPA2 uses as a backup plan when CCMP cannot be supported by the device.
Three symmetric block cipher are comprised in AES. Encryption and decryption data are placed in these three blocks of 128 bits, 192 bits, and 256-bit keys. The more powerful computer system is used by the AES from Aps and clients.
CCMP:
It protects data in such a way only accessible to an authorized user to obtained data. It uses cipher block chaining message authentication code for the security of message integrity.
WPA2 enables clients to move from one AP to another by using the same wireless network by using pre-authentication. It is the seamless roaming of WPA2.
Flaws in WPA2:
The big security flaw in WPS2 is the (KRACK) key reinstallation attack vulnerability that damages the wireless encryption keys. This (KRACK) vulnerability is present in the encryption key and affects all over the WPA2.
Many industrial analysts admitted that KRACK is the serious flaw of WPA2. Technologists quickly developed new software to avoid this risk before the arrival of the new generation. A dictionary attack is the four-way handshake method of weak passcodes that easily crack too offline. In dictionary attacks type hundreds, thousands, and millions of passwords to the target network. In this way, attackers crack the handshake of WPA2 gained all information when offline. A dictionary attack is less feasible than long passwords which include uppercase and lower case, letters, special characters, and numbers.
What is WPA3?
In 2018 the most recent and secure wireless security standard is certified that is WPA3. It is one of the most secure that experts consider it. WPA3 uses CCMP-128 and AES-128 personally.
The encryption protocol used by the WPA2:
The encryption protocol used by WPA2 is (AES) advanced encryption standard cipher. Along with (AES) it also uses message validity and integrity checking. These strongly in protection for privacy and integrity than RC4 used by WPA. The WPA2 used the informal names “AES” and “AES-CCMP”.
See lessWhich Of The Following Statements Regarding Working Inside A Laptop Computer Is True?
Which of the following statements regarding working inside a laptop computer is true? The laptop computer is also known as a notebook computer called by the manufactures. It is an alternative current-powered device smaller in size that can easily be transported and used at any place. Do you know howRead more
Which of the following statements regarding working inside a laptop computer is true?
The laptop computer is also known as a notebook computer called by the manufactures. It is an alternative current-powered device smaller in size that can easily be transported and used at any place. Do you know how the laptop works? Let me tell you how the process takes place inside the laptop computer.
Laptop computer works function properly when all the input and output abilities and parts of the desktop computer which includes the keyboard, disc drives, display screen, data storage, and touchpad or trackpad combined with a processor and functioning system into a smaller device which is portable.
The laptop has a serial port through which a mouse can be attached. laptop adopted to the touchpad and the trackball, pointing stick. On the laptop, the PC Card is inserting hardware for the addition of a modern and network interface card into a laptop. Also, CD-ROM and any other digital and variable disc are built or attachable to the laptop.
How does a laptop work?
These are the following points which explained how laptop computers work inside. Let’s start.
Laptop processor:
In computer PC the CPU work along with the operating system to control all the function of the computer. It is the brain of the computer that generates a lot of heat while in laptop computer there are different methods to control this heat. The cooling method is usually.
Work at lower voltage:
Most of the laptop works and high voltage and speed clocks when we plugged in. when use battery it has a lower setting. This method reduces output heat power consumption.
Laptop motherboards without using pins:
a laptop designed in such a way to save space without using pins and sockets. They used more space on a desktop or PC. Some motherboards directly mount without the usage of a socket. But sometimes, processors cannot be replaced from the motherboard for evolution.
Laptop heat sink and fan:
The laptop is a small device means its components are also small like its fan and heat sink are small in size, heat spreaders are designed to help spread heat from the CPU. Some laptops are highly sensitive. It reduces heat by using liquid coolant place in channels along with the heat pipe. Some laptops are designed in a way to disperse heat directly outside instead of across other computer laptop parts.
Memory and storage of laptop
Laptops have different types of storage depending upon the design. Some laptop uses memory Cache it allows accessing data more quickly. Some laptop memory reduces the performance come from due to slow processing. Other laptops have enormous storage it allowing data between the processor more rapidly. Types of memory used in laptops to save space.
Laptop alike has an internal hard disk drive that is responsible for the operating system, file data, and other applications.
Expansion card:
Laptops have different Spaces on the motherboard that authorize adding various cards or USBs. Sometimes no need for expansion cards because is in-built sound, video capabilities. I want to boast efficiency add one or more expansion cards most common cards are sound cards, video cards, network cards, Bluetooth cards.
Conclusion:
See lessThe Arp Table in A Switch Maps Which Two Types of Address Together?
The Arp Table in A Switch Maps Which Two Types of Address Together? To determine which two types of Address maps together through the ARP table the basic concept about the ARP table and how it will create is necessary. That’s why let's discussed them briefly at them the start. What are ARP tables? ARead more
The Arp Table in A Switch Maps Which Two Types of Address Together?
To determine which two types of Address maps together through the ARP table the basic concept about the ARP table and how it will create is necessary. That’s why let’s discussed them briefly at them the start.
What are ARP tables?
Arp stands for Address resolution protocol which is used to map the IP addresses to the address of the physical machine so that they can be identified by LAN (Local Network). ARP works as a road between layers 2 and 3 of the OSI which is based on TCP/IP protocol. An ARP table connects or as we say maintains the relationship between MAC address and its compatible IP address. Protocol rules established by ARP for keeping the compatibility between addresses and also gives the conversion of addresses between them.
How to build an ARP table?
ARP tables are often created automatically by the ARP call and response process and answer, however, there may be times when it is necessary to make manual changes over time in the ARP table. Of course, there is a need to determine and understand the impact that these changes will have on the network, and be sure that you follow the correct process to add or delete manual records that may be slightly different from the unit to the unit.
ARP records can be modified either using a command line or via the graphical user interface device. The process for each varies slightly, but, as a general rule, the steps and information necessary for the change files.
Working of ARP and switch
An ARP in a Switch determines the devices which are connected to the switch. A switch maintains the ARP table. It means to work properly they both are in the need of each other. When a tiny packet needs to be transferred to another device then the switch identifies the IP address from the ARP table in the need to determine MAC address, in return the ARP table gives the information about the device connected to the Switch in case it was not able to determine the issue will be resolved.
You can also add devices to the ARP table by yourself or manually and is also more secure. A switch constructs the MAC addresses of the table by storing the MAC addresses of the connected devices to its port. The switch sends a frame to its destination by obtaining the information from the mac address table.
The ARP switch table stores the display of 2-layer MAC addresses on 3 IP layer addresses. These comparisons can be studied by a dynamic switch via ARP or statically by manual configuration. Switches using the ARP IP interface, in the same method, any other device. Uses ARP for communication. It can be on the switching L2 as a control interface or a level 3 switch with IP VLAN interfaces. In ARP is broadcast, and therefore switches suggest all ports.
See lessWhat does a 1000Base T NIC use to connect to a network cable?
What does a 1000Base T NIC use to connect to a network cable? 1000 base T is an unshielded twisted pair cable the word T in 1000 base T represents “Twisted cable”. It is necessary to understand unshielded Twisted pair cable at first because it is required to connect with the cable through a standardRead more
What does a 1000Base T NIC use to connect to a network cable?
1000 base T is an unshielded twisted pair cable the word T in 1000 base T represents “Twisted cable”. It is necessary to understand unshielded Twisted pair cable at first because it is required to connect with the cable through a standard connector.
UTP (Unshielded Twisted pair cable)
UTP cable consists of four pairs of wires in the jacket and they are twisted around each other but the number of twists per inch is different to avoid interference between them. The transmission of the current depends on how much twists are tighter. The EIA has its standard for UTP, it consists of six categories of wires. The cable is the same Ethernet cable but comes with certain improvements which assist in a great performance, speed, and long frequencies.
Connector for UTP (unshielded twisted pair cables)
The connector which is used to connect the 1000 base T NIC to the network cable is the RJ-45 connector. The connector of the UTP is made up of plastic and it is like the connector of the telephone. A connector is inserted only on one side of the device. RJ is established in a way that it follows the standards of the telephone, describe that which wire is connected with pins in the connector.
RJ45 has 8 ports and it is the same as a telephone plug. In the networking with cable, the connector needs to follow the same standard as the cable. Any quality CAT5, CAT6, or CAT6A cable will work for 1000baseT over reasonable distances. If you are using a NEW cable today, especially in the walls, I would not install anything less than CAT6. It’s cheap and readily available and keeps you up to the test of time. At this point, 1000baseT becomes commonplace. The next step is 10GbaseT or Ethernet-based fiber. RJ45 established a connection between cables and NIC (network interface card).
In computer networks, Gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE) is the name applied for the transmission of Ethernet packets of one gigabit per second rate. The most common 1000BASE T variant is defined by the IEEE 802.3ab standard. It entered service in 1999 and Fast Ethernet is replaced in wired LANs by drastically improving speed over Fast Ethernet, as well as using widely available, inexpensive cables and equipment similar to first standards.
Final words
The overall scenario of the question is RJ45 connector is necessary if someone wants to connect 1000 base T NIC with the network cables. And the cables must follow the standard which is defined for effective performance.
See less