What is an advantage of network devices using open standard protocols?
Now, let us learn what actually the network protocol is and how does it work. Network protocols are where the modern protocols get worked.

For example, let us think of network protocols as the common languages that enable the computer to communicate across the networks.

The network protocols have a set of rules that defines how the data is formatted transmitted and then received. So the computer networks like servers routers and endpoints can communicate regardless of the infrastructure. the network protocols then break down the large processes into very narrowly defined functions and tasks across every level of the network.

Without the standardized network protocols, the computers wouldn’t know how to engage with each other and with the internet. The networks are generally of three types of protocols. They are communication, management, and then security. Within all three categories, there are thousands of additional network protocols that can handle a range of tasks from authentication, file retrieval, and routing.

Some of the common network protocols include the post office protocol 3, simple mail transport protocol (SMTP), file transport protocol (FTP) in the telnet. We have a set of corporating network protocols is called the protocol suite, similar to the TCP/IP suite. The TCP/IP consists of the four layers, that support the different protocols and then work together to enable internet connectivity.

The network protocols are specially designed for security, which makes them vulnerable to malicious attacks. Some of the attacks are eavesdropping, poisoning, and false root advertising. But fortunately, firewalls and the anti-virus programs, and virus software can combat all these vulnerabilities. But what network protocols do we use?

Let us learn different protocols which are used on computer networks. There are billions of devices that are connected to the internet, that can communicate with each other for two computers to talk to each other they must speak the same language internet that need to be well planned and then structured. The network protocol provides a set of rules for the easy exchange of information. It can exchange information very reliable and in a very secure way.
• Machine cinfugurations
• speed of the transfer
• types of the cables
• physical topologies
• Internet access method
Each layer of the OSI model has its own set of protocols and for the communication within the layer. It then interfaces with the next layer of the protocol. Now let us know some of the popular protocols that are used across the OSI layer.
• The first protocol is the ethernet. The ethernet is the most important for the land type of communication and it serves the physical and then the data link layer.
• Point to point is another type of protocol, it enables the transmission of the TCP/IP traffic over the serial connection.
• The TCP/IP suite is another type of protocol, it is used for the current standard for communication for both local and Wan. It is the communication model of the suit is the client-server model.
• The TCP is also a protocol that fragments the messages into smaller packets and sends them over the network.

How do DHCP servers respond to a DHCP discover message?
Before we discuss the DHCP, let us know to look at an example of the TCP/IP network configuration. By taking windows as the example let us start a window command prompt and type IP config/all and press enter.

After pressing enter we can see the computer’s physical address, IP address, subnet mask lease obtained. We can use these configuration credentials for a couple of days. We can also see the IP addresses of the default gateway, DHCP server, and DNS servers. These are useful for connecting the Internet. Now let us know how does the computer or more specifically the wireless adapter gets this network connection information.

The DHCP stands for Dynamic host configuration protocol that allows the DHCP server to set the TCP/IP network automatically and for the configuration of the client computer. Without the presence of the DHCP technology, we can set up all the configuration values manually by the computer. And this process of setting up the client computer is called static addressing. We can know the difficulty if we do not use the DHCP network.

Now let us know how the DHCP works. When the client computer boots up in the broadcast DHCP discover the message it doesn’t matter how where the client computer is present. It may be at home or at an unknown location. It would send the packet by looking for the DHCP server. If the client has no idea that there is a DHCP server present nearby, then the broadcast is the only way to notice the destination IP address. The DHCP discover packet asks if there is any DHCP server present out there and informs that it wants to connect to the Internet.

And coming to the next step, if there is any DHCP server present close by and if it hears the DHCPDiscover message then the DHCP server responds by sending a message called the DHCPOFFER message. The DHCPOFFER is a broadcast UDP packet. It simply replies as it heard the message and tells that it can lease the IP address. And we can connect to the local network. It also tells the IP address of the default gateway and the DNS servers so that we can go to the Internet.

Coming to another step, the DHCP client responds with the DHCPREQUEST. It says that it accepts all the TCP/IP information and the lease term.

And in the next step, the DHCP server replies to the DHCPACK message. It is nothing but the acknowledgment packet. It says OK and tells to use the network and register the MAC address or the other information in the DHCP database. And this is the process of the DHCP.

The DHCP is the dynamic way of giving the client computer network connection credentials between the DHCP servers. And the clients have broadcast UDP and not in the TCP. The client uses port 68 and the server can use port 67. Type the IP config/release and then reload a browser, if you are using windows. We can see it as the no internet connection. Now type IP config/renew now we can see that the internet is back.

Which switching method uses the CRC value in a frame?
The switch can receive the complete frame when we use the store and forward method to its destination address.

The store and forward method is used in the CRC value in the frame. Let us learn different types of switching methods. It uses different switching methods for the switching traffic. We use these switching methods to check the frame before it gets passed. We have three different types of switching methods. They are
• Cut through method
• Fragment free method
• store and forward method
As we said earlier the store and forward method is used for the CRC value in the frame. Let us learn how the store and forward method works. Before we send the frame, it reads the information that is present in the frame. After reading the frame it stores the information into the buffer.

To check the errors that are present in the frame, the cyclic redundancy check is prepared. If we find any errors in the frame, the frame is gets dropped. But if we do not find any errors, it is checked by the switching table and the frames get forwarded.

Let us take an example to understand the concept in detail. If we are working as security in charge in any particular area. To avoid entering the wrong people, we must not only identify the image of the person, but also the name and address of the person. But this method consumes a large amount of time and leads to greater delay. This is the working of the store forward switching method. The default setting of the store forward switching method is 2900 series of switches.

The store and forward switching method want to make sure and it’s not corrupt before it starts forward. Or else it would waste a lot of bandwidth in it. If we forward any corrupted frames, it waits for the entire frame to be sent and then checks the frame sequence. And now switch is going to calculate an algorithm and creates an FCS on its own. FCS is nothing but the frame check sequence. Here if the FCS in the frame is equal to the FCS calculated by the switch. Then the switch concludes that it is a reasonably valid frame.

We can say that store and forward is a telecommunication technique where we can send the information to an intermediate station. We keep the information at the intermediate station and later we send it to the final destination address. The intermediate station or a node verifies the integrity of the message before it’s going to forward to it.

This Technique is used in networks with connectivity especially in environments that require high mobility. It is also suitable in situations when there is a long delay in the transmission and having high error rates or if there is no end-to-end connection.

There are no real-time services are provided for this type of network. Normally the store and forward networks predate the use of the networks. We use point-to-point equipment to send the messages which we are stored at the receiving end.

What is not one of the ways in which networks are commonly segmented?
Let us know a clear understanding of what actually the network segmentation is before we discuss the ways that are not used for the segmentation.

Network segmentation is the idea of creating subnets within the network.
Now, what actually the segmentation is? and for what purpose the network segmentation is used. It is used for many things like compartmentalizing the network or simply the organizing of the network.

Let us take an example to understand the concept in detail. The network segmentation keeps the computer teams from talking and sharing the information with the teams in financial computers.
This segmentation allows for the more efficient use of the bandwidth by reducing the size of the broadcast and domains and removes unusual traffic on the network.

The main benefit of having the segmented network is to it increases security by reducing an organization attack. When a computer wants to communicate with the other computer or a device, it should go through the firewall and the central router that is connected to all the devices.

This gives more control over the network traffic. We use physical segmentation, virtual local area network, and many more. But we do not use the device manufacturer as one of the ways for the network segmentation.

A device manufacturer is a physical device created by the end-user. It holds feature-based and software-based licensing that can create a different device from the same platform. The device segment is only used for the purpose of creating physical devices.

The main aim of network segmentation is to improve performance and security. It divides the segmentation into multiple smaller parts. It can also protect the devices from harmful attacks and data traffic.

The device manufacturers ensure reliability. There are different types of device manufacturers like semiconductors, transistors resistors, amplitudes, transducers, and many more. These created devices will be sent directly or through a channel to the user.

The device manufacturers give many gains like providing high-quality products and goods, giving better government incentives, reducing the energy cost, decrease in labor cost, providing intellectual property management, and many more. It is only used to maintain quality products and decrease the cost of the above-mentioned applications.

The device manufacture is not able to involve in the network segmentation, since it is only used in quality products and reducing costs.

The Network segmentation is quite different from the device manufacturer. As we discussed earlier, segmentation is only used to increase the overall security. Mostly the retailers and the health care providers use the network segmentation, where the device, manufacturers are mostly used in the government incentives and for decreasing cost in different fields.

The device manufacturer is quite different from the network segmentation. The Techniques that we use in-network segmentation are physical segmentation, Virtual Local area networks. These are used to provide some of the security policies. These help to manage the risk and that makes it difficult for the attackers to attack any device.

Ethernet 100basefx networks use what type of cabling :
Fiber optic cablings are used for the ethernet 100 base fx networks. Now, let us learn about the concept of the ethernet 100basefx networks. The ethernet 100basefx networks are very standard for implementing the fast ethernet type of networks.

The 100basefx works based on the extensions of the 802.2 specifications and it is an 802.3U. The ethernet 100basefx was developed by the IEEE standard. 100 base Tx and the 100 base Fx are referred to as the 100baseX. Now let us know why we call it the 100 base fx networks. Here the 100 refers to the media type designations that refer to the transmission speed of the 100Nbits per second.
And the word Base stands for the baseband. And the letter T and F represents as the twisted pair or the fiber that acts as a medium and passes the signals.
And the last character X in FX or TX is referred to as the line code method. The fast ethernet is used for the 100 base – X. Here the letter X acts as the placeholder. We can place FX or TX variants in it. Now let us discuss 100 bases TX and 100 base FX in detail.

The 100 base TX is wired together in the form of the star topology. It uses the unshielded twisted pair (UTP) or it can also use the shielded twisted pair (STP) with the 100 Mbps hubs or by the Ethernet switches.
The unshielded twisted pair is used in most cases. If we are using the unshielded twisted pair, then it must be the category 5 cabling, we can also call it the cat 5 cabling or enhances category 5 cabling.
The 100baseTX uses the two types of twisted pairs. One pair of wires is used for the transmission and the other type of pair is used for the reception. Here transmission and reception are representing as sender and the receiver. By using the proper equipment, 100baseTX is cable supporting both the half-duplex ethernet and the full-duplex ethernet signaling technologies.

The maximum length of any segment of the UTP cabling that connecting the station to a hub is 100 meters. This makes sure that the round-trip signaling specifications are met. By violating, these specifications can produce late collisions that can disrupt the network communications. The ETA/TIA recommends only 90 meters of the cabling between the stations and the wiring closet.

By allowing 10 meters more of the cabling for the patch cables that are used to connect the patch panels to hubs or switches. The pinning of the RJ-45 connectors is used for the 100 Base-TX wirings. The 100 base TX wiring is the same as that of the 10Base T wiring. The 100 base FX uses fiber cabling. Here from the name we can know which cabling is used by the placeholders X. If it is FX then it using the fiber cabling and if we use TX, then we can known that it is a twisted pair.