Sign Up to our social questions and Answers Engine to ask questions, answer people’s questions, and connect with other people.
Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.
Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.
What Shortcut Keys Are Used To Go Directly From Global Configuration Mode To Privileged Exec Mode?
What shortcut keys are used to go directly from global configuration mode to privileged exec mode? The ctrl-z key is used to go directly from the global configuration mode to the privileged execution mode. The global configuration and the privileged mode are the modes of the router. Let us discuss tRead more
What shortcut keys are used to go directly from global configuration mode to privileged exec mode?
The ctrl-z key is used to go directly from the global configuration mode to the privileged execution mode. The global configuration and the privileged mode are the modes of the router. Let us discuss the definition of the router and different types of router modes.
The router is used to forward or transfer the packets from the network to the network. The router is a three-layer device. The packets are forwarded based on the destination address of the packets and entries it in the routing table. When we enter into the routing table, it helps to find the best route or path between the source and the destination address. We have different types of router modes. Let us discuss every type of routing mode in detail.
Mainly we have five different types of router modes. They are
• User mode
• privileged mode
• Global configuration mode
• Interface mode
• Common mode
The troubleshooting problems and monitoring problems are done in the privileged mode. clock, Telenet, history, save, show are some of the commands that are used in the privileged mode. Here if we want to see the clock of the router we need to type clock.
In the global configuration mode, we can be done all the configurations which lead to a change in the router globally. We need to type the command” config t”. By using this “config t” we move to the global configuration mode.
To move from the global configuration to the privileged mode we use the short key i.e Ctrl-Z that takes us directly from the global configuration to the privileged mode.
Another type of mode is the interface mode. The specific type of configurations is done in the interface mode. The specific interface represents that if we want to perform the NAT, or if we want to provide access to the particular port. In these cases, we use the interface mode. In simple words, in interface mode, we do the IP address if we want to know the IP address. The below are the types how the configuration looks like,
1. Router(config-if)#
2. Router(config-if)#ip
3. Router(config-if)#
We need to go into the global configuration mode and should type the configuration interface name and the port number.
Another type of mode is the rommon mode. we use this mode generally for password recovery. We generally press the Ctrl+break short key to go into the rommon mode. so that we can enter into the rommon mode. The rommon mode looks like the rommon 3>. We need to power on the router and perform the above short key ctrl+break.
See lessShort keys
The short key “?” is used to check what are the commands that we can run in a particular context.
We can type “tel” to run the telnet command.
We use the short key ctrl-Z to go from the global configuration mode to the privileged mode. similarly, if we are in the privileged mode, we get out of the router.
What Is The Function Of The Nslookup Utility?
nslookup is one of the networking commands. It is the tool that provides great help for querying and testing the DNS solution. It is also used in troubleshooting DNS-related problems. Let us discuss nslookup in windows. It is also available in Linux operating system. The basic definition of the NSloRead more
nslookup is one of the networking commands. It is the tool that provides great help for querying and testing the DNS solution. It is also used in troubleshooting DNS-related problems. Let us discuss nslookup in windows. It is also available in Linux operating system.
The basic definition of the NSlookup is, it is a command-line tool that is used to query DNS i.e used to lookup the DNS records. It does all the functions that the DNS resolvers do. It sends the queries to the DNS servers for the DNS records. nslookup tries to map the IP address for a domain name. Suppose if we wanted to use google we can perform “nslookup google.com” in the command prompt. These will retrieve all the DNS records for google. After performing the command in the command prompt we can see the IPV6 address along with the DNS name.
We also have similar tools like a dig. They query DNS for the DNS entries. We can ask the DNS server for the IP address. Let us take an example to understand in detail, when we want to know the IP address of any website or any Url, we just give the name of the server that anyone wants to access in the command prompt.
The packets come out of the computer when only the user gives the name, the DNS server comes to the action to convert the name or URL into their corresponding IP address. It is simply to get the IP address for the given names for the computers. After knowing the IP address, now we should check whether the computer is able to reach the entered name or website in the command prompt. We use Ctrl – c to come out of the current execution, it aborts the current execution.
After finding the IP address of our searched name, we should find, whether the given name or URL is reachable or not. To find this, we must give “ping IP address”. After issuing the command, the computer sends four packets to the name and we get the four replies from the Url or name we have given in the cmd.
We can understand that there is no loss of data taking place since we have sent four packets of data and we received acknowledgment of four packets of the data. Here we have used the ping command, it is a very convenient command to check whether the two computers are reachable or not.
Now, let us try to reach some of the nonexisting computers which do not exist in our network. Let send four packets to the non-existing IP address, we do not receive any acknowledgment from the sent address.
The packets that we have sent have not reached their destination, which drives to the loss of packets. Therefore, we have concluded that we can get the IP address of the URL or any name by giving the command “nslookup name”, which shows, IP address, IPV6 address along with the DNS name.
See lessWhat Is The Primary Weakness Of Wired Equivalent Privacy (Wep)?
What is the primary weakness of wired equivalent privacy (WEP)? The WEP stands for wired equivalent privacy. It is mainly used for 802.11 products. The main aim to define the wired equivalent privacy is to give the security mechanism to the wired local area networks. It can also be used to protect tRead more
What is the primary weakness of wired equivalent privacy (WEP)?
The WEP stands for wired equivalent privacy. It is mainly used for 802.11 products. The main aim to define the wired equivalent privacy is to give the security mechanism to the wired local area networks.
It can also be used to protect the MAC protocol. It is the major idea of the wired equivalent protocol. But how do this WEP works?. How the WEP protects and provides security mechanisms to the Mac protocol and the wired local area networks.
Now let us learn how the wired equivalent privacy works?. The wired equivalent privacy (WEP) uses a default key in order to encrypt the MPDUs. It also uses the RC4 algorithm. The RC4 algorithm is a type of stream cipher. But what is stream cipher?.
In the RC4 algorithm, the data gets exhort with the help of the secret key. These secret keys are generated randomly, which are generated bit by bit. The result of this process is the encrypted ciphertext. Now, this encrypted ciphertext is transmitted to the destination address. After the destination receives the packet, it tries to retrieve the packet back to the form of the plain text.
To convert the ciphertext into the form of the plain text, it uses the same secret key that is used for the encryption and exhorts the ciphertext with the same key result. Let us know how this is possible to convert a plain text to ciphertext.
For example, let us take a plain text that exhorts with the help of a key and the result of this exhort is the ciphertext, this result is sent to the destination address, now the destination exhorts the ciphertext using the same key which is used for the creation of the plain text. This stream cipher is unbreakable. Here the key that is generated is purely the random number.
The RC4 algorithm is not secure because we cannot generate a pure random number. One random key must be used only in one plain text. It cannot be used by any other plain texts. But in the wireless quantum, we do not have any quantum key generating algorithm. The RC4 is the key generating algorithm that is used to generate the key in the wired equivalent privacy. And for the integrity of the RC4 algorithm, we are using CRC 32.
Now let us know some of the weaknesses and drawbacks and problems in the wired equivalent privacy. The key size which is using by the RC4 and is not sufficient. The RC4 uses the 40-bit secret key and the 24 bit IV that is shared by the wireless devices and the access points. This key size is not enough for today’s applications.
The CRC 32 cannot detect all errors and there may consist of some authentication problems in it and also the key distribution problem.
See lessThese keys can be obtained easily because of their small implementation lengths. By providing enough packets, it makes easy for the cryptanalyst in order to retrieve the keys.
For Static Nat To Work, How Many Inside Global Addresses Are Needed For Inside Local Addresses?
For static nat to work, how many inside global addresses are needed for inside local addresses? For every single local address, one single global address is needed. We all know that the basic definition of the NAT (Network Address Translation) is simply the modification of the IP addresses. The statRead more
For static nat to work, how many inside global addresses are needed for inside local addresses?
For every single local address, one single global address is needed. We all know that the basic definition of the NAT (Network Address Translation) is simply the modification of the IP addresses. The static translation is the type of explicit mapping that is between the translation IP addresses and the post-translation IP addresses.
The main goal of the static network address translation is to make up the internal resource that should be externally accessible.
Let us take an example, to understand this concept in detail. let us assume a topology consists of the internal net and the internal host.
This consists of the IP address from 10 to 2.33. It also consists of the external host that is present somewhere on the internet. Here when the host tries to send a packet to the destination IP address of 10-2.33, this packet will be dropped on the internet. Because there is a rule on the internet that the communication only works on the internet from public IPS to the public IPS.
Since this packet includes a private IP address, this packet gets dropped when it crosses the internet. But we have a resource on the inside of the network that needs excessively external. Then I would configure the router with the help of the static translation in order to make the internal resource that is externally accessible.
In the above example that we discussed, we have configured a router to translate the IP address from 10 to 233 to the IP address 738 to 33. Now the external host can shoot a packet to the external IP addresses of 73 8 233. This allows the packet to cross the internet and to reach internal resources then the internal resource can respond. This is how the static network works.
Now let us understand this topic a little more in detail. When this packet reaches the router, the router translates the destination IP address according to configuration 210 to 233. Here the router didn’t have to make any separate decisions and simply translate it. This is how the static translation works. We can notice that the only destination IP address has been changed. The below figure represents the working of the static Nat.
When this packet hits by the internal source the internal source is responded by the response packet. when the response packet is determined the source and the destination fields get reversed i.e the source becomes the destination and the destination becomes the source.
Here when the packet crosses the router, it will detect the Ip address in the static map configuration and translate the source IP addresses to the destination IP addresses by referring to the configuration. This is the basic operation of the static NAT.
We can also say that it is an explicit mapping between two IP addresses. The Static NAT doesn’t see whether the addresses are private or public. The only common rule is that we must communicate with the public addresses, but we can configure the translation from a private address to a private address on the router.
See lessThe Data Link Layer Utilizes What Name For Its Protocol Data Unit (Pdu)?
The data link layer utilizes what name for its protocol data unit (PDU)? The data link layer utilized the frames. There are different types of protocol data units used by the different layers of the OSI model. Let us know the Protocol data unit(PDU) in the OSI model. The PDU's is data that we call aRead more
The data link layer utilizes what name for its protocol data unit (PDU)?
The data link layer utilized the frames. There are different types of protocol data units used by the different layers of the OSI model. Let us know the Protocol data unit(PDU) in the OSI model. The PDU’s is data that we call at the specific layer of the OSI model. We have different PCU’s like frames, packets, bits, and then segments.
In the OSI model, the first three i.e application layer, presentation layer, session layer are termed as the senior management team, we call these simply by the name PDU’s. But the below bottom layers have names for each PDU(protocol data unit).
The bottom layers are the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, and then the transport layer. Each of these layers has different PDU’s. It has separate names at each layer of the OSI model. Let us clearly understand the labels for each of these Protocol data units.
The frame is the protocol data unit of layer 2 of the OSI model. And the device that deals with layer 2 to switch is making forwarding decisions based on the layer 2 addresses. The frame is the information that had the layer 2 header. The source and the destination are included inside the header.
At the physical layer, it is where we put the data on the wire. We send the series of the data in the form of 0’s and 1’s binary bits. so we call protocol data units of the physical layer the bits since it sends the data in the form of 0’s and 1’s. At the data link layer, we use the things like ethernet, switches, forwarding data.
Next is the network layer of the OSI model. The network layer is the packet or a datagram. Most of the time we refer to data as packets in any layer of the OSI model randomly. We can use the term packet generally to refer to any data traffic. But especially, the packet is the layer 3 protocol i.e network layer protocol. As we said earlier, we can also use the term datagram to refer to the data at the network layer.
And the last layer that has a name for the separate PDU is the transport layer. At the transport layer, we have segments. The TCP and UDP use the segments. Here we have learned about the different PDUs like bits, frames, packets, or datagrams and then segments.
The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of the message. The packet received from the network layer is further divided into different frames depending upon the frame size of the network interface. If the frame buffer is full, then the transmission of the data gets stopped. In the data link layer, we use the device like the switches and bridges. Framing is performed at the data link layer. It adds the physical address of the sender or the receiver at each header of the frame.
See less