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In Which Configuration Would An Outbound Acl Placement Be Preferred Over An Inbound Acl Placement?
In Which Configuration Would An Outbound ACL Placement Be Preferred Over An Inbound ACL Placement? When we use the same filtering rules are used for the packets would outbound the ACL placement over an inbound ACL placement. The ACL stands for access control lists. Today, we learn about the basic deRead more
In Which Configuration Would An Outbound ACL Placement Be Preferred Over An Inbound ACL Placement?
When we use the same filtering rules are used for the packets would outbound the ACL placement over an inbound ACL placement. The ACL stands for access control lists. Today, we learn about the basic definition of the ACL with its syntax and its demonstration. An access control list is a tool that is used to identify the traffic and to know how we apply the access list. And then it also determines the working of the access list. Let us take an example, like if we apply an access list to an interface then any traffic that is identified by the access list is being permitted through that interface, it is the most common application of the access list.
We also have many other use cases for an access list, for example, if we have an access list to the network address translation configuration then whatever traffic is identified by the X list, can be processed by NAT. And if we apply an access list to the VPN configuration, then whatever configuration that we identify with the access list is then encrypted and will be sent through a particular tunnel. If we apply the access list to a router, then whatever the access list is being accepted by the routing process and if we apply the access list to the quality of service then it should match with the traffic that is prioritized.
It can simply be defined as a tool on the router that is used to identify the traffic. When we apply an access list to an interface, this access is sometimes referred to as the packet filter. If any packets are being sent out by the inside host, this gonna match with the access list to determine whether the router likes those packets or it doesn’t.
Now, let us take an example to understand this concept in detail. Suppose we post a packet to each one of the servers in the topology. These packets will be having a source IP address of host A’s IP address because here, source A will be sending the packets will be having a destination IP address. And the bottom packet will be having a destination IP address of the bottom server. In both of the cases, the source port will be randomly selected by the client.
We have two types of the access list that exists. They are the standard access list and the extended access list. The main difference between these two is simply which fields in the packet are using to identify particular traffic. The standard access list is the only match on the source IP address. This standard access list will be having only two ways either allowing or denying access to a particular server. This is the limitation of the standard access list. So that we use the extended access list, in the extended access list, it allows us to filter on many fields like source Ip, destination IP, source port, destination port, and the protocol.
See lessWhat Is One Advantage Of Using Fiber Optic Cabling Rather Than Copper Cabling?
What Is One Advantage Of Using Fiber Optic Cabling Rather Than Copper Cabling? The fiber optic cables will carry the signals much farther than the copper cablings. Today, let us learn why fiber optic cables are much faster than copper cables. Copper wiring is used as electrical wiring from the origiRead more
What Is One Advantage Of Using Fiber Optic Cabling Rather Than Copper Cabling?
The fiber optic cables will carry the signals much farther than the copper cablings. Today, let us learn why fiber optic cables are much faster than copper cables. Copper wiring is used as electrical wiring from the originality of the electromagnet and the telegraph. In the ancient days, copper wire became the material for long-distance communication. This copper would show to be an unreasonable material for many decades until the invention of fiber optics. The fiber optic cables will use the pulses of light that need to be generated by a LED in order to transmit the data along with the strands of glasses or by the special plastics. While the copper on the other hand relies on the transmission of the electric current along with its length in order to perform the same function that the data is to be transmitted on the copper cables as the electrical pulses, a detector will receive and decode the signals. Yet, the deeper the signal travels, the stronger it gets deteriorates. This is the type of phenomenon that is pointed to as signal attenuation. With the help of fiber optic cables, a transmitter will convert the electronic type of information into the form of pulses of light. All the pulses are given in the format of the binary system that is in the form of 0’s and 1’s. With one pulse that is equating to the 1 and a no pulse that is equating to the 0.
When all these pulses will reach the other side of the cable there will be an optical receiver that converts the pulses or the lack pulses follows into the form of electronic information. When we compare the relative performance of both copper and fiber optic wires, both the fiber optic cables and the copper wires will transmit the data at a speed slower than the speed of light that is present in a vacuum. Though we have many developments in the fiber optic cables all these are tried to be closer to the speed of the light, however, the copper wire or the fiber optic cables could not be able to reach the data at the speed of light.
The fiber optic cables will have the higher throughout put of the two, especially for the long distances. A local area network will be using the modern copper lines that can usually handle 3000 phone calls at any time.
The fiber optic cables can handle more than 30000 calls at a time which is far more than the copper lines. This difference in the throughput of the data can be determined by the frequency range by which both the cables can manage. If the frequency range is higher, the higher the bandwidth will be and more data will be transferred through the cables at any time.
Hence, this is the main difference between the two types of cables. The fiber optic cables will be having a higher bandwidth capacity when compared with their copper wire counterparts. This is the reason where the fiber optic cables can carry much higher frequency ranges than copper cables.
See lessWhich Statement Is True About The Tcp/Ip And Osi Models?
Which Statement Is True About The TCP/IP And OSI Models? Now, let us talk about the TCP/IP and the OSI model. What is the TCP/IP model?. How it is related to the OSI model. The TCP/IP is a type of model to standardize computer networking. It is the same definition as the OSI model. The below figureRead more
Which Statement Is True About The TCP/IP And OSI Models?
Now, let us talk about the TCP/IP and the OSI model. What is the TCP/IP model?. How it is related to the OSI model. The TCP/IP is a type of model to standardize computer networking. It is the same definition as the OSI model. The below figure represents the TCP/IP model. It has four simple layers they are application layer, the transport layer internet layer, and the link layer. Similar to the OSI model, the direction flow depends upon the sending or receiving of the information. The above layers are the old model. The new and updated model is the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer. Here we have one extra layer and one renamed layer from the old model of the TCP/IP. The link layer has been split into the data link layer and the physical layer. And the internet layer has been renamed to the network layer.
Now let us compare the TCP/IP model with the OSI model to understand this concept in a better way. As we already know, the OSI model will be having seven different layers when we compare it to the five-layer of the TCP/IP model. Now, let us know about the protocols and devices present at each layer. We have application protocols at the application layer such as HTTP, SMTP, and FTP. And we have two most common transport protocols. These are called TCP and UDP. we also add ports numbers here. And at the network layer of the OSI model, we have the Internet protocol, all the routers also can operate at this layer. And the other layer is called the data link layer, In the data link layer, we have ethernet and the switches. The switches typically operate at this layer. Although we can get the layer 3 switches, they have some of the routing capabilities. Finally, we will be having a physical layer. Cables, network interface cards. When we send the data through the layers, each layer will be adding its own bit of information. This process we call encapsulation.
When we hit the physical layer, the data will be transmitted over to the receiving device. The receiving device then starts to decapsulate the data. Let start with the application layer, the data at the application layer will be passing to the next layer, here the transport information is added, let say the information added is the TCP header, each time when the header is added, this will contain a piece of specific information. suppose let us take a TCP header, that will contain the source and the destination number, sequence number, and few more bits of information. And in the network layer, we will be adding the IP header. This will contain the source and the destination address and some other bits of the information in it. And at last, we will be having the data link layer, in the data link layer, we add the header and the trailer as well. The header will contain the main lead destination, source mac address. The trailer will contain some of the error-checking information and checks whether the data has been received correctly. And when the data hits the physical layer, it will physically transmit the data.
See lessWhich Interface Allows Remote Management Of A Layer 2 Switch?
Which Interface Allows Remote Management Of A Layer 2 Switch? The switch virtual interface router will allow the remote management of the layer 2 switches. Now, let us discuss the concept of the switch virtual interface. Some of the routers are capable of doing the routing themselves, they do not reRead more
Which Interface Allows Remote Management Of A Layer 2 Switch?
The switch virtual interface router will allow the remote management of the layer 2 switches. Now, let us discuss the concept of the switch virtual interface. Some of the routers are capable of doing the routing themselves, they do not rely on any other router and perform their routing internally. These types of switches we call the layer 3 switches. We can also call them multi-layer switches. Let us consider an example to understand this concept in detail. suppose we got one PC that is plugged into the port and that belongs to the VLAN 10. And we have connected another computer PC2 connected to the port that belongs to the VLAN 20. Now, I want to route between these two devices and do it without using any external routers. Here we can create a couple of virtual interfaces. These virtual interfaces are called the switch virtual Interfaces or shortly SVI. Suppose we create this interface called VLAN 10 and another interface called VLAN 20. These two virtual VLAN 10 and VLAN 20 interfaces will assign our IP addresses. This is called the SVI, it is a virtual interface that represents all of the ports that belonging to that VLAN. In this way, unlike the router, we don’t need to have a different subnet assign to each interface. We can have several interfaces where all these belong to the same VLAN and we can have these virtual interfaces that routing for all the devices connected into that VLAN.
And in the traffic flow, the packet travels from PC1 into the switch that is routed between these two and comes out from the PC2. Here we do have some other ways to configure the multi-layer switch port. Let say that we will be having a grouping of the switch ports that belong to the VLAN 10 and a group of ports that belongs to the VLAN 20 and we have the switch virtual interfaces that are created for the different VLANs. And if we want to connect to a router, we should do the multi-layer switch port to act as a router port.
In order to assign an IP address to the switch, firstly we assign it to the switch virtual interface and not to an individual switch port. In the other words, the IP address will be assigned to the virtual LAN interface, in this case, the interface VLAN1 will be the default VLAN interface on the switch. To do this, let us move into the desktop PC and click on the terminal emulation program and click OK. We can see the console command-line interface. To get the privileged execution mode configuration terminal, we type the enable command. And to get a global config mode we need to go to the interface VLAN1 which is made as the default switched virtual interface. When we type the interface VLAN1, now we can assign an IP address to the switch and we can assign the IP address of 192.168.1.10 with the subnet mask of 255.255.255.0
See lessA Network Segment Where Only One Device Can Communicate At A Time?
A Network Segment Where Only One Device Can Communicate At A Time ? The collision domain is the one where only one device can be communicated at a time. Let us know what actually the collision domain is? The collision domain b a group pr the collection of the devices in which the frames of the devicRead more
A Network Segment Where Only One Device Can Communicate At A Time ?
The collision domain is the one where only one device can be communicated at a time. Let us know what actually the collision domain is? The collision domain b a group pr the collection of the devices in which the frames of the devices would collide with the frames of the other devices which are present in the same group. Let us take an example, to understand the concept of the collision domains. Let say we have two computers PC1 and PC2, if a frame is created by one of the PC that would collide with the frame that is created by the other PC. Then these two PCs are considered to be in the same collision domain. Now, let us learn how each of the types of routers will define the collision domain. Every Interface on a hub is in the same collision domain, so the computers connected to it will also be in the same collision domain. If a computer sources a frame it is going to hit the shared bus and this hub simply repeats out every connected port. So the collision may occur with these connected devices. If we add the new hub to the same network. Then it is said to be in the same collision domain.
Now let us see how the bridges create and define the collision domains, In a local area network, we will have a bridge at the center, and connected to it will be the two hubs and a single bridge at the center. The functionality of the bridges will be different from the hubs. As we discussed earlier, the hub will just repeat the frame out of any connected interface, here the bridge will be a little smarter. In the bridge, when the frame comes in it will take a look at the destination address of that frame and it will compare it with the list of the addresses it knows, and when we find it says that it knows the interface that needs to send the frame out to reach its final destination address. It sends only in that particular interface, it doesn’t repeat out in every connected interface. The bridges will be present at layer 2 of the OSI model and the hub will be at layer 1 of the OSI model. The bridges can create multiple collision domains so every interface connected to a bridge will have a separate collision domain.
Now let us know how the switches get performed. In the local area network, we will be having a switch in the network and four PCs are connected to this switch. These switches are similar to the bridges, but these have a lot more bridges and a lot more robust we can do with them. The switch will also create multiple collision domains and every device connected to this switch will be having a separate collision domain. Every Interface of this switch will be having a separate collision domain.
The routers will act as the switches when it comes to the collision domain, it creates multiple collision domains and will have a separate collision domain.
See lessWhich Two Characteristics Are Associated With Udp Sessions? (Choose Two.)
Which Two Characteristics Are Associated With UDP Sessions? (Choose two.) Now, Before we discuss the characteristics of the UDP sessions, Let us learn a basic introduction to the UDP sessions. As we know, the user datagram protocol is the connection-less protocol, this UDP is a very unreliable protoRead more
Which Two Characteristics Are Associated With UDP Sessions? (Choose two.)
Now, Before we discuss the characteristics of the UDP sessions, Let us learn a basic introduction to the UDP sessions. As we know, the user datagram protocol is the connection-less protocol, this UDP is a very unreliable protocol. The UDP will have a low capability in error checking. The UDP protocol is known to be the simple protocol that can be used with the minimum overhead. We use the user datagram protocol when we want to send a small message or data without any cause of issues like reliability. Since it takes only a small amount of the data, the UDP will take less time as compared to the transmission control protocol.
This UDP protocol will act as a good protocol for the data flowing in only one direction. This UDP is very simple and reliable. This UDP is mainly used for query-based communication.
Now let us know the structure of the User datagram header. All the UDP packets are called user datagrams. This user datagram contains the fixed size of the header with 8 bytes. Now, let us know some of the main parameters of the user datagram header. It has mainly two ports. The source port and the destination port. The source port will be 16 bit, this is used to identify the source port of the packet. The next part of the header is the destination port. It is 16 bits in size that are mainly used to identify the application-level service on a destination machine.
Another part of the destination port is the length. Here the length specifies the whole length of the UDP packet that includes the header. This length field is 16-bit size with a minimum value of 8 bytes.
The next part of the destination port is called a checksum. This field stores the value of the checksum that is generated by the sender before it is sent. Here the IPV4 field will be optional. If the checksum filed doesn’t contain any value it will be made 0 and we set all its bits to zero.
Now, let us know the characteristics of the user datagram protocol. This user datagram protocol will be the connection-less protocol. We don’t receive any acknowledgment from the user datagram protocol. If the acknowledgment of the UDP is not a significant part then only we will use the user datagram protocol. As we said earlier, this UDP is majorly suitable for query-based communications.
This user datagram protocol will acts as a considerate protocol when we want the data flow in only one direction. This User datagram protocol will be stateless in nature, i.e when a client sends a request or a message to the server, the server will respond back only to the current state it is in. There are some of the major applications in the user datagram protocol. This UDP is used in the domain services, it is used in the routing information, it is used in the file transfer protocol, and many more.
See lessWhat Are Three Parts Of An Ipv6 Global Unicast Address? (Choose Three.)
What Are Three Parts Of An Ipv6 Global Unicast Address? (Choose three.) Now, let us learn about the IPv6 global unicast address and different parts of this in detail. But what is the global unicast address?. The global unicast address, the first hextet that will be beginning with 2 or 3. These firstRead more
What Are Three Parts Of An Ipv6 Global Unicast Address? (Choose three.)
Now, let us learn about the IPv6 global unicast address and different parts of this in detail. But what is the global unicast address?. The global unicast address, the first hextet that will be beginning with 2 or 3. These first hextet s globally unique and it is routable in nature. It is the public IP address that is similar to the public IPv4 address. we can see that the 2001:db8::/32, is the address reserved for the documentation. When we talk about the global unicast address assigning device and the address. The global unicast address range would be beginning with the 2 or 3, this is because the first 3 bits will begin with the 001 as shown in the figure below. If we convert that we can see the first hextet, if we convert the first four bits into the form of the hexadecimal digit. It will be 0 0 1 0 or it will be 0 0 1 1 2 or be a 3.
Now, let us learn about the parts of the global unicast address. So in the IPV4, it will be the 32-bit address. Here we will have a network portion and also the host portion. Now, we typically will subnet and in the subnet, we have to borrow bits from the host portion in. order to create our subnet., it is time-consuming and is a difficult process. But in IPv6 it will be an easier process. In the IPV6 we will be having an interface ID that is equivalent to the host portion in the iPv4. Here we also have a global routing prefix as we have shown in the figure. This is how our internet connects to the internet service provider. By the part of the network portion, it is a type of the subnet ID, the first 48 bits will be the global routing prefix, we then next allocate the next 16 bits which is between the 47 bits and the 64 bits for the interface ID. These Interface IDs are typically 64 bits. There is a simple reason for being the 64 bits. Suppose if we want to use a slack stateless address autoconfiguration for many devices. Here the host portion of the interface ID will usually be the 64 bits and the space between the global routing prefix which is getting from our provider and the interface ID will be our subnet ID, in this case, this will be the 16 bits. For suppose if we have a 64-bit interface ID will be equal to the 18 quintillion devices per subnet. And if we have the 16-bit subnet ID that will give the 65536 subnets in it. It is the most common global routing prefix allocation by the service providers. They typically will give most of the organizations with at least the slash 48 bits in it. In a lot of the IPV6 addresses will not worry about the conserving of the addresses space.
See lessWhat Is The Reason Why The Dhcprequest Message Is Sent As A Broadcast During The Dhcpv4 Process?
What Is The Reason Why The DHCP Request Message Is Sent As A Broadcast During The Dhcpv4 Process? To say that the IP addresses are leased, the DHCP request is sent as a broadcast during the DHCPV4 process. Now, let us discuss how the DHCPV4 process works. In order to understand that concept, let usRead more
What Is The Reason Why The DHCP Request Message Is Sent As A Broadcast During The Dhcpv4 Process?
To say that the IP addresses are leased, the DHCP request is sent as a broadcast during the DHCPV4 process. Now, let us discuss how the DHCPV4 process works. In order to understand that concept, let us first look at the TCP/IP network configuration in detail. Let us take windows as an example, open the windows command prompt and type “ipconfig/all and press enter. And we have the connection information that is assigned to the wireless adapter. It shows the physical address, IP address, subnet mask, lease obtained, and many. Now, we can use these connection configuration credentials for the whole day. We have some additional addresses like the IP address of the default gateway, DHCP server and we have DNS servers. These are useful for connecting the Internet.
Now, let us know how the DHCP is used. DHCP stands for dynamic host configuration protocol. This allows the DHCP server to set the TCP/IP network automatically for the client computer. If there is no DHCP technology, the IT guy would set up all the configuration values in a computer. The process we perform for the manual setup for a client computer, we call this as the static addressing. It will be a very difficult process to connect to a network without using DHCP. Now, let us discuss the process of the DHCP step by step. We have a DHCP client and the DHCP server. Whenever the client computer boots up, it will broadcast the DHCPDISCOVER message. It doesn’t care where the client’s computer is present. It may be at the home, station, or at any other place. It would send this packet looking for the DHCP server. The broadcast is the way in order to notice the IP address where we notify the destination’s IP address. Suppose, the destination’s IP address is 255.255.255.255. Now, the DHCPDISCOVER packet will simply or ask if there is any DHCP server present and informs that it wants to connect to the internet.
Let say that if a DHCP server is present nearby and if hears the DHCPDISCOVER message. Then the DHCP server responds to the client with a DHCP offer message. This is simply a broadcast UDP. UDP stands for user datagram protocol. It replies back as an acknowledgment message by agreeing to the leasing of the IP address and subnet mask. So that we can connect to the local area network. And we can also say that the IP address is the default gateway and we can connect to the internet and lease it for the 2days. we can also renew the lease after we use it for the 2 days. And now, the DHCP client responds to the message with the DHCPREQUEST. It will simply say that it is accepting all the TCP/IP information. And in the final step, the DHCP server will reply back to the DHCPACK message. It is nothing but the acknowledgment of the packet.
See lessWhich Of The Following Is Not A Type Of Cable Used In Wired Networks?
Which Of The Following Is Not A Type Of Cable Used In Wired Networks? Un shielded coaxial is not the type of cable that is used in the wired networks. Now, let us discuss different types of coaxial cables in detail. Usually, we use different types of networking cables that are used to connect differRead more
Which Of The Following Is Not A Type Of Cable Used In Wired Networks?
Un shielded coaxial is not the type of cable that is used in the wired networks. Now, let us discuss different types of coaxial cables in detail. Usually, we use different types of networking cables that are used to connect different devices. In the concept of networking, the most commonly used cables include coaxial cables, twisted pair cables, optical fiber cables, parallel cables, and serial cables. All these uses depend upon the concept of the network topology hardware and the software and also the network size.
We have different networking keyboards connectors and their specifications which belong to the physical layer of the OSI model. Now, let us learn about the coaxial cables and some of the common connectors in detail. The below figure represents the coaxial cable. When we look at the structure of the coaxial cable, we can see that the outer cover is the PVC or it is a fire-resistant plastic which is called the sheath. The braided metal shielding will reduce the electromagnetic interference or it can be called EMI. The underneath shielding is called the PVC or it can be called the Teflon insulator. We have the central metal core which is the copper conductor. The coaxial cable is normally used to carry the high-frequency electronic signals with low losses. This is commonly used in the telephonic system or the broadband internet, high-speed computer data busses, or it can be TV, or it can be ethernet. We have hundreds of specifications. But most of the coaxial cables use the RG number. Now, let us learn what is RG in detail. The RG stands for the Radio guide, this radio guide will have different purposes. We have the RG 6 coaxial. Let us take an example to understand that concept in detail. It is very typical if we have a Television or a cable network.
All the coaxial cables are rated in the ohms for their resistance. An ohm is a unit of the resistance for the flow of the electric current in the circuit. The coaxial cables look very similar to each other. This coaxial cable is not at all easy to tell the difference by the physical appearance or by size.
Simply reading the text on the cable is the best method to read the product. Let us discuss different types of connectors. We have the BNC connectors, SMA connectors, F-type connectors, and N connectors. In the BNC connectors, the BNC stands for British navel connecter. Another type is the N connectors, the N connectors are the weatherproof RF connectors that are capable of calling the microwave frequency signals. The next type is the SMA connectors, the SMA stands for subminiature version A. These are often used in high frequency and wifi systems. And now, the F-type connectors are normally used to connect the cable modem, if we have the cable TV or the cable internet. The RG – 6 cables are normally terminated with the F type of connectors.
See lessWhich Pdu Format Is Used When Bits Are Received From The Network Medium By The Nic Of A Host?
Which PDU Format Is Used When Bits Are Received From The Network Medium By The Nic Of A Host? It uses the frame PDU format when the bits are received from the network medium by the nic of the host. Now, let us learn about the PDU. PDU stands as a protocol data unit. We know that the OSI model consisRead more
Which PDU Format Is Used When Bits Are Received From The Network Medium By The Nic Of A Host?
It uses the frame PDU format when the bits are received from the network medium by the nic of the host.
Now, let us learn about the PDU. PDU stands as a protocol data unit. We know that the OSI model consists of different layers. At each layer, the data is transferred in different formats.
We have different data formats like frames, segments, bits, and packets. In the above three layers of the OSI model i.e application layer, presentation layer, session layer, the data format is called the PDU’s. We do not have any separate names for the above layers, we simply call them the protocol data units.
But the bottom four layers, i.e physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer. Each has the specific names for the data formats at the different layers. The frame is the PDU at layer 2 of the OSI model. Layer 2 of the OSI model is called the data link layer. And the devices that deal with this are called the layer 2 switches.
It makes some of the forwarding decisions based on the layer 2 addresses. The frame would be the information present at the layer 2 header and includes the source and the destination inside the header. Another Protocol data unit is the segments, the segments are the data format at the transport layer.
The data is divided into smaller segments. This can be called segmenting. So segments are the protocol data unit at the transport layer. Another type of data format is called bits. These bits can be zeroes or ones that are sent across the network. The bits fit at the physical layer of the OSI model. And the last type of data format is the packets. The packets are the protocol data format at the network layer of the OSI model.
The sender’s data travels from the different layers of the OSI model. Each layer of the OSI model will encapsulate the data by adding the header. This process is called data encapsulation. The user starts transferring the data at the application layer. And the data moves down to the presentation layer that is compressed in a standard data format, sometimes the data will be in an encrypted format. And the data moves to the session layer.
A session ID is get attached to the data. At this session layer, the data will be in one whole block. After this, then data is moved to the transport layer. As we discussed earlier, the data that is traveling at each layer will call with different PDU names.
Now, when the data comes to the transport layer, the data will be divided into different pieces. Each block will be with the header attached to it that contains the destination port, source port, sequence number, and some of the other information connected to it. These divided blocks we call the segments. And these segments travel to the network layer. This network layer again adds another IP header, it adds a new IP packet.
This contains source and destination Ip address with some of the other information. And the IP packets move from the network layer to the data link layer. Same as earlier new header gets added and a new PDU is built called frames.
See lessThis iframe contains the source mac address and the destination mac address and some other control information. It is also used for error checking. At last, the frame is sent into the physical layer where the data is translated in the form of signals. These PDU’s are in the format of the bit.