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The Network Time Protocol Service Uses What Port Number?
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) uses UDP port 123.
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) uses UDP port 123.
See lessWhat Is The Logical Topology Of a Star Network?
The logical topology of a star network is the star topology, meaning that individual components connect directly to a central node. The central node can be either a switch, hub, or router, and each device on the network connects to the central node through a single point-to-point connection. Data isRead more
The logical topology of a star network is the star topology, meaning that individual components connect directly to a central node. The central node can be either a switch, hub, or router, and each device on the network connects to the central node through a single point-to-point connection. Data is transmitted along these point-to-point connections, and all communications pass through the central node. The star topology is the most common type of network topology found in modern networks.
See lessHow Does Bgp Choose The Best Path?
BGP chooses the best path based on a combination of metrics including local preference, weight, origin, AS-PATH, MED, and neighbor. The most important criteria are typically weight (if configured) followed by the lowest AS-PATH, with other metrics being used to break ties if needed.
BGP chooses the best path based on a combination of metrics including local preference, weight, origin, AS–PATH, MED, and neighbor. The most important criteria are typically weight (if configured) followed by the lowest AS–PATH, with other metrics being used to break ties if needed.
See lessWhich Of The Following Are Advantages Of Using Fiber Optic Cabling For A Network?
Which of the following are advantages of using fiber optic cabling for a network? Before we discuss the advantages of fiber optic cabling, let us know a brief introduction to fiber optic cabling. The fiber optic cable is the type of cable that contains one or more optical fibers that are used to carRead more
Which of the following are advantages of using fiber optic cabling for a network?
Before we discuss the advantages of fiber optic cabling, let us know a brief introduction to fiber optic cabling. The fiber optic cable is the type of cable that contains one or more optical fibers that are used to carry the light.
These fiber optic keyboards offer significantly higher throughput when compared with copper-based cables such as coaxial cables or the twisted pair cables. The optical fibers can be of single-mode or it can be of multimode. Now, let us know the structure of the fiber optic cable.
The fiber cable consists of the Sinterklaas core that is surrounded by several layers of protective materials. The outer layer is the type of jacket. This insulating jacket is made up of Teflon or PVC. The second layer we call the buffer is mainly used to encapsulate one or more optical fibers in order to provide protection from physical damage. The layer that is around the fiber core is called cladding.
The cladding is made up of glass or it is made of plastic. The cladding layer service has two purposes, one is it protects the core, the cladding will reflect the signal down the fiber. In simple words, the light can travel through the core by constantly bouncing from the cladding. Here the cladding doesn’t observe any light like a mirror. The light can travel greater distances besides the light bouncing or the reflection from the cladding allows the fiber to bend around the corners without affecting the transmission signal.
The center core of the fiber cable is made up of glass fiber or the LED that travels through the core. As we have discussed earlier, there are two types of fiber optic cables they are single-mode fiber and multimode fiber. Let us discuss each of these types in detail.
The single-mode optical fiber is mainly designed to carry the light with the single-mode, which means the light travels will be in the same pattern or it can be in the same way that produces the single ray of the light. It can travel over longer distances with higher transfer rates. It has a smaller diameter that is about 9 microns.
The other one is the multimode optical fiber, which is mostly used for communication over short distances. The short distances are like a building or on campus. All the light waves are scattered in many paths, these travel through the cable core. The multimode links can be used with data rates up to 100 Gbps.
There are many features in the multimode fiber, it has a larger diameter when compared with the single-mode fiber, the multimode can have greater attention when compared with the single-mode. This is mostly better for the shorter distances. the main differences between the single-mode and the multi-mode are that the single-mode has only the smaller core, the laser lights travel in the single-mode. The multimode fiber uses different modes when light travels inside of the core
See lessWhich Of The Following Is Not A Benefit Of Nat?
which of the following is not a benefit of nat Before we discuss the disadvantages and benefits of nat. Let us learn what actually the nat means. The nat stands for the network address translation. This is a type of service used in routers. The main purpose of the nat is to translate the set of IP aRead more
which of the following is not a benefit of nat
Before we discuss the disadvantages and benefits of nat. Let us learn what actually the nat means. The nat stands for the network address translation. This is a type of service used in routers. The main purpose of the nat is to translate the set of IP address to another set of IP addresses.
The nat service helps to preserve the amount of the IP version 4, public IP addresses that we have available around the world. The private IP addresses are developed and the nat (Network address translation) in order to make available the internet for the users.
Now we have two different versions of the IP addresses are available. They are public IPV4 addresses and private IPV4 addresses. The public IP addresses are publicly available on the internet. If we want to open any website or the internet, public IP addresses are required. Now we have approximately 4 billion IP addresses that are available. All these are very limited.
Now the private IP addresses are quite different from the public IP addresses. we cannot directly access the internet with the private IP. these Private IP addresses are only used internally such as inside the home or a business.
These private IP addresses are not used on a public network, the router is the one that assigns all the internal devices on a private IP. Let us take an example to understand the concept in detail. The most homes and the business are not going to have the one device that needs internet access. We have chances that going to have multiple devices that need access to the internet. So these types of devices need a public IP address if they want to access the internet.
We can find these Public IP addresses by asking the internet service provider. Some of the benefits of the nat are it can be used for the reuse of the private IP addresses, it can also use to increase the security for the private networks. It keeps the internal addressing private from the external addressing. The main benefit of the nat is we can connect a large number of the hosts by using the smaller public network IP addresses. But in nat, it delays the translation results. By enabling the nat, we cannot perform certain applications. The tunnel protocol gets complicated by using the concepts like IPsec. During the IPv4 communication, the NAT delays the communication.
In-Network address translation most of the functions will not get performed as we expect in the configured network. There can be a loss of the end device to the end device. If every device consists of its own public addresses, then we would be run out of public IP addresses. so we can use the router that is connected to our homes or in business.
The private IP addresses get translated by the nat when the user trying to access the private networks. In NAT we can translate the set of IP addresses to another set of IP addresses.
See lessWhat Command Will List Only Current Connections, Including Ip Addresses And Port Numbers?
What command will list only current connections, including IP addresses and port numbers? netstat-n is the command that can list only the current connections, IP addresses, and port numbers. Let us talk about the netstat utility in detail. netstat is a type of small to network statistics. This is aRead more
What command will list only current connections, including IP addresses and port numbers?
netstat-n is the command that can list only the current connections, IP addresses, and port numbers. Let us talk about the netstat utility in detail. netstat is a type of small to network statistics. This is a command tool, it is mainly used to display the appropriate network connections and the port activity on the computer.
The command-line tool is useful to see what kind of service is going to run or presently running on the computer or maybe the server. It also defines the ports which are opened.
Now the netstat is available in the various operating systems. There are some of the option commands that are so small and a bit different. Let us take an example to understand the concept in detail. In this example, we are going to work on the windows computer.
Now at the command prompt let us type the word netstat and press the enter button, presently our computer is not connected to anything, this is the reason for the output to be blank. Instead, if our computers are connected to the other hosts, it shows us the protocol which is being used. It also shows the local addresses, foreign addresses, and also the state of the connection.
So let us connect the computer with a couple of websites. For example yahoo.com,example.com. the computer should also be connected to the FTP server and then we connect it to a couple of the local computers in our home. Now, if we perform the netstat command again, we can see some of the activity in the output. In the command prompt, we can see that certain terms are displaying on the screen. we can see that the TCP is a protocol that is being used. We can also see the local addresses of the computer simultaneously with the port number that is being used for that particular connection.
Two IP addresses can be seen of the websites that where the computer is connected, along with the port names because HTTP is the protocol for the websites. We can also see the FTP site to which we are connected. And we can see the two computers that are connected to the home.
Netstat can be combined with the subcommands or the switches to change the output. Let us take an example to understand in detail about the netstat. The netstat with the netstat -n switch, will show the same output as the netstat. But it shows only the numbers but not the names.
Let perform the netstat command on the command prompt, if we observe we can see that the output is not instant where output runs slow in the form of the line by line. The main purpose for this is because it using the DNS to resolve the names and it takes some time to do this, now we can see that it showing the names of the ports. If we use netstat – n the output is very fast.
See lessWhat Is The Purpose Of The Startup Configuration File On A Cisco Router?
What is the purpose of the startup configuration file on a Cisco router? Let us start from the basic definition of what is cisco router. We all know that a router is the type of internetworking device that provides communication between the logical networks. The default gateway of all devices in theRead more
What is the purpose of the startup configuration file on a Cisco router?
Let us start from the basic definition of what is cisco router. We all know that a router is the type of internetworking device that provides communication between the logical networks. The default gateway of all devices in the local area network is the LAN IP router.
The router can find the best route path for the networks. In routers, they are divided into two types there are hardware routers and software routers. The cisco router comes under the hardware router. Let us learn step by step process of the cisco router configuration.
In routing, we transfer the packets between the different networks. There are different operating systems of the router like cisco, juniper, etc. Through a cross cable, two different IP addresses are getting connected.
One of the steps in the cisco router configuration is the startup configuration. The startup configuration is used for different purposes like it performs the basic operation and hardware components of the device.
The startup configuration contains the commands that are initially used to configure the router. It also contains the commands that the IOS router currently using.
The startup configuration uses many commands and this file is stored in the NVRAM file. Now let us discuss what is startup configuration file means. The startup configuration file is used to configure the software. It is used during the system startup. There are two different configuration files. If we want to change the running configuration by using the configure terminal EXEC command. It cannot save the configuration, by using the copy running configuration.
If we want to change the startup configuration file, we can perform two different things. The first is we can save the running configuration file by using the copy running-config EXEC command in the startup configuration file. The second thing is we can copy the configuration file. from the special file server in the startup configuration.
The main aim of the cisco router configuration files is to configure the router by holding the commands. As we discussed earlier, there are two different configuration files. The one is the router config file. In this router config file, it can store the changes in the configuration only when the router is up.
The RAM (Read-only access memory) stores the running configuration file. But there is a disadvantage in the running configuration file is that the changes we made in the running configuration file don’t get retained after the rebooting is performed. We have a chance to back up or to save the running configuration file into the startup configuration file that runs several commands.
These commands are called IOS commands. In the NVRAM or in the TFTP server we can able to save and backup the running configuration file. We use the command copy running configuration startup configuration, in order to copy our running configuration. Therefore the main purpose of the startup configuration file in the cisco router is to contain the commands that are used to initially configure the router.
See lessWhere Does The Supplicant Send Identity Information?
Where does the supplicant send identity information? The Identity information is sent to the authenticator. Now, let us know how to configure the controller and the wireless infrastructure for secure authentication. The authentication is mostly a problem, so let us learn how to configure the controlRead more
Where does the supplicant send identity information?
The Identity information is sent to the authenticator. Now, let us know how to configure the controller and the wireless infrastructure for secure authentication.
The authentication is mostly a problem, so let us learn how to configure the controller for the classic secure authentication such as TLS. We call wireless LANs the supplicants, it is a type of authentication. The access point slash controller will not play any real role in the authentication itself, it is called the authenticator.
The authenticator is where we ask for the authentication. The clients that authenticate the clients is called authentication server. Here we have two protocols. They are X and EAP. X has a specific role, it is to allow the authenticator i.e the access point to close the radio and doesn’t allow any access to the network to the supplicants as long as the authentication server is not agreed to the authentication. So, In the authentication process, we have the supplicant asking for the authentication.
The authenticator will say eight of the eleven authentications to say yes without any question. And now the supplicant will say that it wants to move to the association phase where the authenticator will say to hold on. Now the authentication stops in order to authenticate by the authentication server. After authentication, we get a granted access and the association response. The main role of X is to block the radio for the supplicant as long as the authentication server has not been authenticated the client.
It defines some of the standard messages that are going to be exchanged between the supplicants and the authentication server. It says authenticate me and we want to check the credentials. The X is used in the combination with the EEP to perform this authentication on the wireless network.
On the other side, the clients and the supplicants are going to use 1X slash EEP dialogue with the authenticator. And this authenticator is going to translate this to the 1X slash EEP dialogue into radius in order to forward the request.
The key element is to understand is that the controller doesn’t care about what kind of 802.1X or EEP type is used as the supplicants and the authentication server. The only thing the controller cares about is if we are using the central authentication server or not. The controller must know if we are using any pre-shared key.
Every process is played between the authentication server and the supplicant. The controller mainly focuses on the key. In 1X the controller doesn’t care. Let us know the different parts of the 802.1x. They are supplicant, authenticator, and the authentication server.
The ETLs are a very secure authentication server and the supplicant both use a certificate authentication method. The server is going to send the certificate that is going to use by the clients as a key to encrypt whatever the client needs to send back to the server in an encrypted manner. so this certificate is the key and also a way for the client to authenticate the authentication server that would like to verify the authentication.
See lessHow To Configure Tp Link Wireless Router With Cable Internet?
How to configure TP-link wireless router with cable internet Let us learn how to configure the local cable internet with the tp-link. TDW 896 is a modem plus router device. Connecting local internet cable with the device is not known by many people. These local cable T share the internet, so we needRead more
How to configure TP-link wireless router with cable internet
Let us learn how to configure the local cable internet with the tp-link. TDW 896 is a modem plus router device. Connecting local internet cable with the device is not known by many people. These local cable T share the internet, so we need to configure the rj45 cable in the router. The modem plus router consists of all the features, where it can use this in only out.
Let us discuss how to configure with our cable. Firstly we need to take the backup previous settings in our computer i.e Mac address, IP address subnet gateway, domain name servers. We should make sure to copy all these necessary things. We just need to type 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1.
After storing the necessary details, there are four ports present at the backside of the modem router, these are Lan ports i.e Lan 1, Lan 2, Lan 3, Lan 4. If the modem router consists of any port, these can be called the van port. Here we can connect the rj45. This rj45 is the cable of the service provider. We connect this rj45 in the Lan 4 which we also can call the van port. And the second cable which is coming from the computer can connect to the remaining three ports.
After connecting these cables, we need to go to the browser and type 192.168.1.1, and press enter. Now we can see a screen like a login page or if you do not see anything on the screen press the reset button on the modem router.
Now, type admin and the password. Here the password is also an admin at default unless the user makes any changes. After login into it, we can see a page that consists of device info, quick setup, operation mode, advanced settings, wireless, guest network, USB settings, diagnostic, management, log out at the left side of the page.
Press the next button that is present at the center of the page, select the wireless router mode, and press next. Here we have to fill in the details that we have saved earlier from the previous router settings. We should make sure to type or copy each and every detail correctly. Press next, after pasting all the information.
Here enable Enable Wireless checkbox and given the name of your Network name along with the network authentication, password that you want to put on your wireless network.
After completing the process, click Next. we can see all the details that we have entered and press confirms button. After confirming we can see the status of the device at the device info. We can see Up or Down at the status of the device. Now, the most important part is, if we can able to open any sites it is ok. But, if we are not able to open any of the sites we need to contact the service provider. The service providers will refresh the MAC address in the system.
See lessIn Acl Statements, The Any Keyword Is Equivalent To Using Which Wildcard Mask?
In ACL statements, any keyword is equivalent to using which wildcard mask? The 255.255.255.255 wild mask is used in the ACL statements. Now, let us learn the wild masks and the access lists. We can match the access list based on the IP address of a packet a standard access loss will look at the sourRead more
In ACL statements, any keyword is equivalent to using which wildcard mask?
The 255.255.255.255 wild mask is used in the ACL statements. Now, let us learn the wild masks and the access lists. We can match the access list based on the IP address of a packet a standard access loss will look at the source IP address of the packet and an extended access list will look not only at the source IP address but also at the destination IP address.
Here, we use the wild card mask to tell the router which IP address to look for. In the other words, we should pay attention to a small range called subnet, or we can look at the very large range. At present many of the IP addresses are using the wildcard masks in the both standard access list and the extended access list. We apply to both of them.
The wildcards masks are made up of all the ones and the zeroes. These wild masks are look-alike subnet masks, but the subnet masks are very different from the wild masks. For suppose when we see a zero in the wildcard mask it means that the corresponding IP address that we are looking like the source or the destination IP address in a packet.
Those have to match with what we have configured in the access list. Here the Zero means it has the match and if we see the 1 it means that it doesn’t have any match, the corresponding bits in the packet do not contain any match what we have configured in the access list.
Now let us learn some of the examples. In the wild card masks, we have zeros at the first three of the octets and then we have all the ones in the last octet, it represents that whatever IP address that we are looking at in the packet, the first three of the octets should be the exact match. And coming to the last octet, it can be anything, we particularly do not care about the last ones. Let us take another example, here the wild card mask is made up of all the zeros, it represents that the packet has the IP address of 10.10.10.1, then every single one of these octets would have to match whatever source we are listing in our access list. Because here the wild card mask is saying that each octet has to be the exact match. Now we didn’t list the source in the access list but normally it would list in the IP address.
Let us take another example to understand the concept in detail. Whatever IP address that we are configured in the access list we say that the first two octets have to match with whatever is present in our packet. Because all those are now zeroes. Let 0.0.31.255 be a bit different from all the others, here the first three bits should have to match but the last five bits do not need to. since it has all the ones, the entire octet doesn’t need to match.
See less