Basic Networking
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How to increase range of my laptop wifi udapter?
1. Move your laptop closer to the router. 2. Upgrade your router's antenna. 3. Update your wireless adapter driver. 4. Change the wireless channel on your router. 5. Use a WiFi repeater or extender. 6. Reduce the number of devices using the same network. 7. Change the position of your laptop. 8. UseRead more
1. Move your laptop closer to the router.
2. Upgrade your router‘s antenna.
3. Update your wireless adapter driver.
4. Change the wireless channel on your router.
5. Use a WiFi repeater or extender.
6. Reduce the number of devices using the same network.
7. Change the position of your laptop.
8. Use a high–gain antenna.
See lessIn The Osi Model What Is The Primary Function Of The Network Layer?
In The OSI Model, What Is The Primary Function Of The Network layer? The network layer is the third layer of the OSI model. The main role of the network layer is, it can control all the operations of the subnet. It establishes a route to send the packets from the sources to the destination address.Read more
In The OSI Model, What Is The Primary Function Of The Network layer?
The network layer is the third layer of the OSI model. The main role of the network layer is, it can control all the operations of the subnet. It establishes a route to send the packets from the sources to the destination address. The network layer selects the shortest path while selecting the route from the source to the destination address. It selects the shortest path between the source and the destination in order to transmit the data packets from the number of available routers.
We normally select the router that can transmit the data from the source to the destination within the shortest path. In the network layer, the sender and the receiver place their IP address at the header, this IP header is placed at the network layer. The IP address is nothing but the router address, it tells where the packet is going to send. The network layer is implemented by the network devices such as routers. Now, let us know some of the functions of the network layer. They are
• routing
• logical addressing
• path determination
Let us discuss each of these in detail. The network works for the transmission of the received data segments from one computer location to another. The data unit that is present in the network layer is called packets. As we discussed earlier, the main function of the network layer is routing, logical addressing, and the path determination.
The IP address that is performed in the network layer is called the logical addressing. Every computer in a network has a unique IP address. The network layer assigns the sender and the receiver IP address to each segment in order to form an IP packet. The IP address is assigned to ensure that each data packet can reach the right destination.
The routing is a type of method for moving the data packet from the source to the destination address and it is based on the logical address of the IPv4 and the IPv6. Let us take an example to understand the concept in detail. suppose computer A is connected to network 1 and computer B is connected to network 2, if we request to access an account from computer B, now there will be a reply from the server to computer B in the form of a packet. The server consists of the IP address of the both source and the destination. Based on the IP address format, the received data packet will move first to the network side of computer B and then to the computer. Based on the IP address and the mask, the routing decisions are made in a computer network.
Now let us know, how the path determination works. A computer can connect to the internet server in a different number of ways by choosing the best possible path for the data delivery from the source to the destination. This is called path determination. It uses protocols like OSPF, BGP, IS-IS.
See lessTcp Uses A Four-Step Process Called A Four-Way Handshake To Establish A Tcp Connection?
TCP Uses A Four-step Process Called a Four-way Handshake To Establish A TCP Connection. Let us discuss the four-way handshake. It is a process in which the source material is converted into the form of data encryption material. It can be used to encrypt the actual data frames. The abbreviation of thRead more
TCP Uses A Four-step Process Called a Four-way Handshake To Establish A TCP Connection.
Let us discuss the four-way handshake. It is a process in which the source material is converted into the form of data encryption material. It can be used to encrypt the actual data frames. The abbreviation of the TCP is transmission control protocol. For data communication, when two nodes consist of the same data that is to be sent from one node to another node. Let say if the client wants to send a message to the server, this is the work on the TCP. It establishes a connection between the client and the server-side. This connection is called two one-way stations from the client and the server and vice versa. Once the data has been sent to the server and the server has made use of the connection that is established. Those connections should get closed. To close this TCP protocol we use the header part of the segment that exchanges between the client and the server.
In the four-way, handshake the client and the server will terminate independently. Before we go into the four-way handshake, let us understand how the three-way handshake works in detail. The connection exists between the two sockets even though the TCP header has no single socket field of the three parts of the socket the IP address or implied on the base of source and destination IP address in the IP header. The destination port and the source port are only the two components that define the function of the socket.
Firstly the packet is sent to the server in order to initiate a communication, to know whether the sent packet is SYN or the acknowledgment packet if the SYN bit is turned on in the TCP header that represents it is a simple packet, for a client to establish a communication with the server there must be a source port because to the same source port the webserver will respond. After the web server receives the first packet, the second packet will be initiated by the webserver. In that, the TCP header will have two fields that are SYN and ACK. These both will be on the webserver field. The client can understand that the packet sent by the server is an acknowledgment of the packet I sent.
But How the client and server can identify which SYN and acknowledgment packet came from?. To know this they have some of the numbers called sequence numbers. Let us take an example, the client sends the packet with the sequence number of 1 and the server responds to the packet with the same sequence number 1. In this way, we can know which packet is sending through which server. This entire communication is managed by multiplexing. And the third packet is again sent by the client as an acknowledgment packet by adding the source port and the destination port, This three-way step we call the three-way handshake protocol. After this, the session will be closed where the client and server will be informing each other that the session is being closed. Now let us know how the communication gets closed with the TCP communication, it uses an additional flag called the fin bit. In the TCP header, we will see the SYN, ACK, and the fin bit. The fin is nothing but the finish bit. If one computer 1 requests some website, it browsed all the information that is required and the computer 1 wants to close the session, now, it sends the ACK and fin, this acknowledgment is for the previous packet that sent by the server and the other side of the computer sends ack packet that sent as the TCP header. It again sends a finish and ACK packet in a separate packet. In the end, computer 1 sends the acknowledgment. This is the process of the four steps. This is the four-way handshake.
See lessA Differential Backup Covers What Data On A System?
A Differential Backup Covers What Data On A System? Now, let us know what is a differential backup is. The differential backup is faster than that of the full backup. The differential backup is not as fast as the incremental backup. In the differential backup, the data that is backup is the data thaRead more
A Differential Backup Covers What Data On A System?
Now, let us know what is a differential backup is. The differential backup is faster than that of the full backup. The differential backup is not as fast as the incremental backup. In the differential backup, the data that is backup is the data that has been changed since the last full backup. Now, let us take an example to understand the concept of differential backup in detail. The differential backup only changes since the last full backup. The full backup is done on a Sunday, the differential backup is done on Monday that backups all the files that have changed since Sunday. The Tuesday differential backup will also backups all the change files since Sunday’s full backup. Including all the files changed on a Monday and so on.
What backup strategy we are using, the first initial backup must be a full backup. The second is that every backup will create an image file. Let us take another example to understand how the three backup types work. Let say we have three files that are present in a folder and a creative full backup and day one. It can only be a full backup, and there is a DLL file that is added to the folder. If we try to create a full backup then all the files will be copied to a new image file exactly as they are. When we come to the incremental differential backup, there were only backup changes in part since they fall back up and day one.
Let us know the clear difference between a full backup, incremental backup, and differential backup. Let us take a normal scenario in which we have a server, this server consists of some hard drives that are connected to it and if we want to back up the data on that. Since the backup is never performed on the server, the first backup we will perform on the server will always be a full backup. By default, the full backup is every single file that you allocate to be backed up. If we want to backup all the c files or d files from the windows, then the full backup will include every file in the c and d drives.
The incremental backup is the subsequent backups that are slightly similar, the only difference in the incremental backup is that we backup the changes from our last incremental backup. For example, Let say we have a server with the hard drive, we backup the contents of that on, then we perform another backup on a Tuesday, which is an incremental backup, here the incremental backup only backup the changes of those files since Monday. It only backup the changes that have occurred since the last backup.
Now the differential backup is similar to the incremental backup but it opposes referring to the last incremental backup to know the changes that have been made, it refers back to the last full backup that has been made and changes that have changed since the last full backup.
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